Table 1.

Possible physiological benefits of various promiscuous and redundant activities induced in response to stress or environmental changes.

Stress	Enzyme	Induced Activity	Alleged Function	Reference
Oxidative stress	Mammalian MetRS	Mismethionylation of non-cognate tRNAs	Protect enzymes from inactivation	[110]
Biotic interaction	SerRS/LeuRS from Candida	Misleucinylation of Ser-tRNA	Increased invasivity, immune invisibility	[113]
Biotic interaction, anaerobiosis, starvation...	Bacterial transaminases	Redundancy in Ala & Lys biosynthesis	Robust peptidoglycan biosynthesis	[114]
Oxidative stress	Bacterial Pentosephosphate epimerase (Rpe)	Mismetallation with Mn(II)	Protect enzymes from inactivation	[102]