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. 2015 Oct 9;5:14843. doi: 10.1038/srep14843

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(a) Mean (±SEM) PC1 scores (across all 15 individuals) from a PCA of all identified metabolites (n = 32), plotted against time, and (b) the corresponding PC1 loading. The individual time points are the midpoint times from intervals of pooled urine samples obtained sequentially (2–8 h) across the 60 h study protocol. Green areas, sleep period; yellow area, sleep deprivation night. 2-HIB: 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, 3-AIB: 3-aminoisobutyrate, 3-HIV: 3-hydroxyisovalerate, 3-IS: 3-indoxyl sulfate, 4-HPA: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, DMA: dimethylamine, PAG: phenylacetylglutamine, p-CS: p-cresol sulfate, Pro-Bet: proline betaine.