. 2015 Oct 9;5:14843. doi: 10.1038/srep14843

Table 1. Changes in metabolite levels during and following 8 hours of total sleep deprivation.

Metabolite	Sleep night vs sleep deprivationnight (23:00–07:00 h)			First morning collection(07:00–09:00 h) after sleep andsleep deprivation night
Metabolite	% meanchange	p value	q value	% meanchange	p value	q value
Dimethylamine	−16.4	6.10·10⁻⁶^*	2.00·10⁻⁴^*	−4.76	0.0211^*	0.0855
4-DTA	−14.3	1.31·10⁻⁵^*	2.00·10⁻⁴^*	−8.05	0.00182^*	0.0328^*
Taurine	25.3	1.85·10⁻⁵^*,^a	2.00·10⁻⁴^*	14.3	0.00321^*,^b	0.0328^*
Creatinine	−12.3	5.68·10⁻⁵^*	4.00·10⁻⁴^*	−4.90	0.244	0.375
Formate	45.6	6.95·10⁻⁵^*	4.00·10⁻⁴^*	11.8	0.276	0.402
Citrate	19.3	1.29·10⁻⁴^*	7.00·10⁻⁴^*	5.73	0.0325^*	0.110
3-indoxyl sulfate	43.7	5.67·10⁻⁴^*	0.00260^*	29.8	0.00411^*	0.0328^*
Ascorbate	−22.4	7.69·10⁻⁴^*	0.00310^*	1.50	0.857	0.914
2-hydroxyisobutyrate	−9.32	0.00115^*	0.00410^*	−5.89	0.0744	0.170
Allantoin	−9.05	0.00132^*	0.00420^*	−8.44	0.0930	0.198
Carnitine	31.0	0.00180^*	0.00520^*	−1.88	0.896	0.914
3-hydroxyisobutyrate	10.6	0.00223^*	0.00590^*	0.74	0.729	0.864
4-DEA	−9.19	0.00251^*	0.00620^*	−5.51	0.0557	0.137
TMAO	10.6	0.00339^*	0.00770^*	13.0	0.0389^*	0.113
4-hydroxyphenylacetate	−7.69	0.00391^*	0.00830^*	−9.28	0.0214^*	0.0855
Acetate	9.30	0.0100^*	0.0201^*	6.98	0.140	0.248
Proline betaine	3.16	0.0374^*	0.0705	−3.44	0.858	0.914
Phenylacetylglutamine	−14.0	0.0496^*	0.0830	8.69	0.914	0.914
3-aminoisobutyrate	6.27	0.052	0.0830	5.74	0.116	0.218
p-cresol sulfate	−13.6	0.051	0.0830	−1.32	0.561	0.748
Succinate^c	9.41	0.058	0.0884	−2.19	0.668	0.823
Xylose	−9.31	0.072	0.104	0.257	0.892	0.914
Unknown1 (d, 7.8 ppm)	−12.3	0.081	0.111	−2.63	0.103	0.205
3-hydroxyisovalerate	1.48	0.083	0.111	−0.40	0.316	0.440
Glycine	9.39	0.113	0.145	−17.1	0.00389^*	0.0328^*
Tyrosine	−1.24	0.123	0.151	−5.55	0.00689^*	0.0441^*
Creatine	−7.40	0.130	0.154	1.25	0.611	0.782
Trigonelline	17.9	0.242	0.277	14.9	0.225	0.375
Hippurate	−1.21	0.314	0.335	−11.1	0.246	0.375
Valine	−2.37	0.306	0.335	−2.21	0.0344^*	0.110
Thr+lac	1.41	0.611	0.631	−10.7	0.0456^*	0.122
Alanine	1.70	0.784	0.784	−7.72	0.0163^*	0.0855

Negative differences represent decreased mean levels during sleep deprivation/the morning following sleep deprivation. The reported p-values are from linear mixed models analysis and the reported q-values are after adjusting for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg correction. d: doublet, Thr+lac: doublet containing signal from both threonine and lactate (1.33 ppm).

^aAfter correcting for the confounding effect of taurine, differences were still significant (p = 0.0082, q = 0.0175).

^bAfter correcting for the confounding effect of taurine, differences in taurine levels were not significant (p = 0.2274, q = 0.3751).

^cSinglet at 2.4 ppm assumed, but not verified by standard addition, to be succinate, *p value/q value < 0.05.