Figure 5. Effects of chronic inflammatory and rapamycin on protein expression of insulin signaling in vivo.

(a) IRS1, p-IRS1 (tyr), and p-AKT, proteins of insulin signaling, were downregulated in casein group. The proteins involved in the mTOR/S6K pathway were upregulated in the presence of casein. (b) Under inflammatory stress, rapamycin inhibited the protein expression of mTOR, p-mTOR and p-S6K, while increasing the proteins involved in insulin signaling.