Table 3.

The effects of C. sativus on opioid system

C. Sativus or its constituents	Dose	Results	References
Sa ff ron	150 and 450 mg/kg	Improved learning and memory impairment induced by morphine	Naghibi et al., 2012
Sa ff ron	Aqueous (80, 160, 320 mg/kg) and ethanolic (400 and 800 mg/kg) extract	Reduced naloxone precipitated jumping	Ghoshooni et al., 2011; shams et al., 2009
Crocin	200 and 600 mg/kg	Reduced withdrawal sign without reducing locomotor activity	Amin and hosseinzadeh 2012
C. sativus stigma	Alcohol extract (5 and 10 µg/rat)	Decrease in the time spent in drug paired side	Ghoshooni et al., 2011
Crocin	400 and 600 mg/kg	Decreased the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induced cpp
Saffron	10, 50 and 100 mg/kg	Reduced the acquisition and expression of morphine cpp
Safranal	1, 5 and 10 mg/kg	Reduced the acquisition and expression of morphine cpp
Saffron	50, 100, 150 and 250mg/kg	Increased the release of dopamine in rat brains and increased the release of glutamate only in dose 250	Ettehadi et al., 2013