Table 1.
The relaxant effect of C. sativus and its constituents on different types of smooth muscle
| Type of smooth muscle (SM) | Solution | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vascular | AE of saffron stigma, safranal and crocin | Decreased the mean arterial blood pressure of animals | Imenshahidi et al., 2010 |
| AE and EE of C. Sativus petals | Reduced the blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner | Fatehi et al., 2003 | |
| AE of C. Sativus stigma | Reduced the enhanced of mean systolic blood pressure | Imenshahidi et al., 2013 | |
| AE and EE of C. Sativus | Inhibitory effect on heart rate and contractility | Boskabady et al., 2008 | |
| Crocetin, (15, 30 mg/kg) | Improved endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in response to acetylcholine | Tang et al., 2006 | |
| Crocin (50 mg/kg) | Crocin (50 mg/kg) and DZN in improvement of the reduction of SBP and the elevation of HR | Razavi et al. In press | |
| Trachea | AE and EE of C. Sativus | Potent relaxing effect on the tracheal smooth muscle. | Boskabady et al., 2006 |
| Safranal | Has relaxant effect on tracheal smooth muscle | Boskabady and Aslani, 2006 | |
| C. Sativus | Reduction effect on tracheal responsiveness to methacholine in animals | Bayrami et al., 2013 | |
| Safranal | Reduction effect on tracheal responsiveness to methacholine in animals | Boskabady and Byrami, 2014 | |
| AE of saffron and safranal | Antitussive effect was shown | Hosseinzadeh and Ghenaati, 2006 | |
| Gastrointestinal | Extract of C. Sativus petals | Induced relaxant effect in guinea -pig ileum | Fatehi et al., 2003 |
| Saffron | Relaxant effect on uterine contraction | Chang et al., 1964 |
Aqueous extracts (AE), ethanolic extracts (EE)