Table 3.

Sixteen candidate sites with evidence for positive selection and/or function

Gene	Sitea	Identified in Model(s)	Locationb	Change at homologous site
				Evidence for Phenotypic Effect	Site, Organism, Opsin
LW	T108	M2a, M8	NC	Shift from 530 to 550 nm	63, Heliconius, LWc
				Cline with latitude	112, Liminitis LWd
	A181*	M2a, M8, M2aS1	H4	Shift between 530 and 510 nm	136, Vanessa, LWc
				Shift from 530 to 550 nm	136, Heliconius, LWc
				Shift between 530 and 575 nm	136, Papilio, LWc
				Positively selected in parasitic wasps	198, Fig wasp, LWe
	L188*	M2a, M8, M2aS1	NC	Shift between 530 and 575 nm	143, Papilio, LWc
				Shift from 530 to 550 nm	143, Heliconius, LWc
				Faster evolution after duplication	143, Bombus, LWf
	V235*	M2a, M8, M2aS1	H5
	A248	M8	H5
	F307	M2aS1	H6
	T309	M8	EC
	A356	M8	T	Positively selected in dim-light foragers	229, Halictidae, LWg
UV	L59	M2a, M8	NC	Positively selected after duplication	60, Heliconius, UVh
	S133	M3S2	BP	S to A shifts absorption (450–437 nm)	116, Pieris rapae, B and Vi
	V218	M8	NC
	A267	M8	IC
	A268	M8	IC
	S299	M8	BP
	T321	M2a, M8	NC
	T373	M8	T

^aSite number and amino acid in reference to Pn. pyralis

^bNC: near chromophore, but not in contact; BP: binding pocket; H: helix, far away from binding pocket; EC: extracellular loop; IC: intracellular loop; T: tail

^cAncestral state reconstruction (Briscoe 2001)

^dWithin-species cline with latitude. Hypothesized involvement in thermal stability. (Frentiu et al. 2015)

^eTests of positive selection (Wang et al. 2013)

^fTests of positive selection (Spaethe and Briscoe 2004)

^gTests of positive selection (Tierney et al. 2011)

^hTests of positive selection (Briscoe et al. 2010)

ⁱSite-directed mutagenesis (Wakakuwa et al. 2010)

^*significant at p=0.05, BEB analysis in PAML M8 model.