Table 3.
Incidence Rate Ratios from Multi-level Poisson Regressions for the Independent Effects of Social Support and Collective Efficacy (Model 2) and Social Support, Collective Efficacy and Gender Interactions (Model 3) on Child Physical Abuse
| Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable Name (reference group) | IRR | CI (p) | IRR | CI (p) |
| Intercept | 0.32 | (0.08,1.17) | 0.24 | (0.04,1.32) |
| Level 1: Parent Level | ||||
| Control Variables | ||||
| Male Focal Child (Female) | 1.19 | (0.58,2.43) | 1.16 | (0.71,1.89) |
| Age, Focal Child | 1.14 | (1.08,1.21) *** | 1.16 | (1.10,1.22) *** |
| Men (Women) | 0.81 | (0.42,1.54) | 1.038 | (0.60,1.77) |
| Parental Age (30 and under) | ||||
| 31–44 | 2.00 | (0.65,6.11) | 2.21 | (0.55,8.87) |
| 45+ | 0.79 | (0.29,2.15) | 0.80 | (0.20,3.14) |
| Married/Cohabitating (Single) | 0.36 | (0.18,0.70) ** | 0.36 | (0.18,0.72) ** |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Asian American | 1.41 | (0.33,5.91) | 0.92 | (0.18,4.55) |
| African American | 4.37 | (1.62,11.78) ** | 4.51 | (2.60,7.82) *** |
| Hispanic | 0.72 | (0.40,1.29) | 0.75 | (0.43,1.31) |
| Multi-racial | 0.180 | (0.01,2.09) | 0.44 | (0.11,1.77) |
| Other race | 0.90 | (0.31,2.55) | 1.04 | (0.35,3.02) |
| Income | 1.13 | (0.85,1.49) | 1.13 | (0.86,1.47) |
| Impulsivity | 1.33 | (1.12,1.58) *** | 1.29 | (1.12,1.48) *** |
| Parenting Stress | 1.23 | (1.13,1.33) *** | 1.21 | (1.11,1.32) *** |
| Type & Quantity of Social Support | ||||
| Tangible | 0.93 | (0.84,1.04) | 0.99 | (0.88,1.12) |
| Emotional | 0.80 | (0.71,0.91) *** | 0.67 | (0.57,0.79) *** |
| Companionship | 1.10 | (0.89,1.36) | 1.43 | (1.12,1.83) *** |
| Collective Efficacy | ||||
| Informal Social Control | 1.07 | (0.99,1.17) | 1.04 | (0.94,1.15) |
| Social Cohesion | 1.02 | (0.90,1.15) | 0.97 | (0.81,1.15) |
| Interactions | ||||
| Tangible* Gender | 0.95 | (0.72,1.26) | ||
| Emotional* Gender | 1.39 | (1.04,1.85) * | ||
| Companionship* Gender | 0.58 | (0.36,0.92) * | ||
| Informal Social Control* Gender | 1.07 | (0.94,1.23) | ||
| Social Cohesion* Gender | 1.16 | (0.96,1.39) | ||
| Level 2: City Level | ||||
| Disadvantage Score | 1.45 | (1.04,2.01) * | 1.40 | (1.06,1.85) * |
| City-level variance (sd) | 0.45 (0.67) | 0.00 (0.01) | ||
| Wald χ2 (df) | 116.31 (48) *** | 26.09(48) | ||
Note. For social support variables, increasing scores mean higher levels of support. For collective efficacy variables, increasing scores mean lower perceived social control or social cohesion. IRR= Incidence Rate Ratio.
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001