Table 3.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Association Between Increasing Heart Rate and Clinical Outcomes

Endpoint	Crude Event Rates	Unadjusted HR (95% CI) Per 5-bpm Change in Heart Rate	Adjusted HR (95% CI) Per 5-bpm Change in Heart Rate	Adjusted P Value
All-cause death	377 (14%)
Heart rate ≤65 bpm per 5-bpm decrease		1.10 (0.96, 1.25)	1.15 (1.01, 1.32)	0.04
Heart rate >65 bpm per 5-bpm increase		1.07 (1.03, 1.12)	1.10 (1.05, 1.15)	<0.0001
Cardiovascular death	167 (6.2%)
Heart rate ≤65 bpm per 5-bpm decrease		1.17 (0.98, 1.41)	1.26 (1.04, 1.53)	0.02
Heart rate >65 bpm per 5-bpm increase		1.07 (1.00, 1.13)	1.09 (1.02, 1.17)	0.01
Noncardiovascular death	172 (6.4%)
Heart rate ≤65 bpm per 5-bpm decrease		1.10 (0.89, 1.35)	1.13 (0.92, 1.39)	0.2
Heart rate >65 bpm per 5-bpm increase		1.07 (1.00, 1.14)	1.02 (1.01, 1.03)	0.003
All-cause hospitalization	1388 (51%)
Heart rate		1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	1.00 (0.98, 1.03)	0.7
Cardiovascular hospitalization	726 (27%)
Heart rate		1.01 (0.98, 1.04)	1.00 (0.97, 1.04)	0.8
Bleeding hospitalization	219 (8.1%)			0.8
Heart rate		1.01 (0.98, 1.04)	1.01 (0.95, 1.07)
Other hospitalization	880 (33%)
Heart rate		1.01 (0.95, 1.07)	1.01 (0.97, 1.04)	0.7
SSE or major bleeding	297 (11%)
Heart rate		1.02 (0.97, 1.08)	1.02 (0.97, 1.08)	0.4
MI, revascularization, new-onset heart failure	208 (7.7%)
Heart rate		1.05 (1.00, 1.11)	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)	0.08
SSE, major bleeding, new heart failure, MI, revascularization, all-cause hospitalization, all-cause death	1491 (55%)
Heart rate ≤65 bpm per 5-bpm decrease		1.07 (1.00, 1.16)	1.10 (1.02, 1.19)	0.01
Heart rate >65 bpm per 5-bpm increase		1.03 (1.00, 1.06)	1.03 (1.00, 1.06)	0.04

Denominators may differ owing to competing risks. Details of the adjustment covariates for each outcome are provided in Table S2. bpm indicates beats per minute; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MI, myocardial infarction; SSE, stroke or systemic embolism.