Table 2.
Odds Ratios (95% CIs) of Poor Cardiovascular Health Associated With Individual- and State-Level Variables, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey 2011
| Predictors* | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age | 1.04 (1.04–1.04) | 1.04 (1.04–1.04) | 1.04 (1.04–1.04) | 1.04 (1.04–1.04) | 1.04 (1.04–1.04) | |
| Sex (male) | 1.11 (1.08–1.16) | 1.25 (1.20–1.30) | 1.25 (1.20–1.30) | 1.25 (1.20–1.30) | 1.25 (1.20–1.30) | |
| Race | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2.05 (1.90–2.21) | 1.36 (1.26–1.46) | 1.36 (1.26–1.46) | 1.36 (1.26–1.46) | 1.36 (1.26–1.46) | |
| Hispanic | 1.50 (1.38–1.62) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | |
| Other racial/ethnic groups | 1.51 (1.34–1.69) | 1.13 (1.03–1.26) | 1.13 (1.03–1.26) | 1.13 (1.03–1.26) | 1.13 (1.03–1.25) | |
| Income | ||||||
| <$15 000 | 2.89 (2.71–3.08) | 2.89 (2.71–3.08) | 2.89 (2.71–3.08) | 2.88 (2.70–3.07) | ||
| $15 000 to <$25 000 | 2.07 (1.95–2.20) | 2.07 (1.95–2.20) | 2.07 (1.95–2.20) | 2.07 (1.95–2.20) | ||
| $25 000 to <$50 000 | 1.47 (1.39–1.56) | 1.47 (1.39–1.56) | 1.47 (1.39–1.56) | 1.47 (1.39–1.56) | ||
| ≥$50 000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 3.07 (2.88–3.26) | 3.07 (2.88–3.26) | 3.07 (2.88–3.26) | 3.05 (2.87–3.25) | ||
| High school or equivalent | 2.24 (2.12–2.37) | 2.24 (2.12–2.37) | 2.24 (2.12–2.37) | 2.24 (2.12–2.36) | ||
| Some college or technical school | 1.98 (1.86–2.10) | 1.98 (1.86–2.10) | 1.98 (1.86–2.10) | 1.97 (1.86–2.10) | ||
| Graduated from college or technical school | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| State-level effects† | ||||||
| Median household income, in SD units | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | |||
| Gini index, in SD units | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | |||
| Soda-drink tax, in SD units | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | ||||
| Cigarette tax, in SD units | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | ||||
| Density of farmers markets, in SD units | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) | |||||
| Density of RFF, in SD units | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | |||||
| Density of grocery stores, in SD units | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | |||||
| Density of convenience stores, in SD units | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | |||||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Variance (SE) | 0.086 (0.29)¶ | 0.080 (0.28)¶ | 0.048 (0.22)¶ | 0.032 (0.18)¶ | 0.030 (0.17)¶ | 0.024 (0.16)¶ |
| MOR‡ | 1.32 | 1.31 | 1.23 | 1.19 | 1.18 | 1.16 |
| PCV, %§ | 6.9 | 44.2 | 62.8 | 65.1 | 72.1 | |
Model 1 is an intercept-only model. Model 2 includes model 1 plus demographic variables (age, sex, and race). Model 3 includes model 2 plus socioeconomic status variables (income and education). Model 4 includes model 3 plus state median household income and Gini index. Model 5 includes model 4 plus soda-drink tax and cigarette tax. Model 6 includes model 5 plus density of grocery stores, convenience stores, farmers markets, and RFF. MOR indicates median odds ratio; OR, odds ratio; PCV, proportional change in variance; RFF, recreational and fitness facilities.
All predictors are grand-centered at mean value.
OR estimates for state-level factors are based on population average with robust SE.
MOR = 
.
PCV = 
where, VModel1 = Variance of Model 1, 
N, and (N = 2 – 6).
P<0.001.