Table 1.
Main characteristics of published studies on night-shift work and prostate cancer risk
| Study, region | Source of participants | Definition of exposure | NOS score | Night-shift work
|
Adjusted variables | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | Events | RR (95% CI) | |||||
| Kubo et al,14 Japan | JACC study | Rotating-shift work, or fixed-night work is their most regular work schedules | 7 | Daytime | 21 | 1.00 | Age, study area, family history of prostate cancer, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, job type, physical activity at work, workplace, perceived stress, educational level, and marriage status |
| Rotating shift | 7 | 3.0 (1.2–7.7) | |||||
| Conlon et al,15 Canada | Population-based study | Rotating full-time work and other quantitative metrics related to full-time rotating-shift work | 6 | No | 391 | 1.00 | Age and family history |
| ≤7 y | 115 | 1.44 (1.10–1.87) | |||||
| 7.1–22.0 y | 87 | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | |||||
| 22.1–34.0 y | 81 | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | |||||
| >34.0 y | 86 | 1.30 (0.97–1.74) | |||||
| Schwartzbaum et al,17 Sweden | Population-based study | Rotating schedule with three or more possible shifts per day or had work hours during the night at least 1 day during the week | 7 | Daytime | NA | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | Age, socioeconomic status, occupational position, and county of residence |
| Shift | NA | ||||||
| Kubo et al,34 Japan | Health-care database of a Japanese corporation | Rotating three-shift work for >80% of their career | 8 | Daytime | 13 | 1.00 | Age, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking, exercise, and marital status |
| Shift | 4 | 1.79 (0.57–5.68) | |||||
| Parent et al,16 Canada | Population-based study | Included working between 1 am and 2 am for at least 6 months | 8 | Never | 268 | 1.00 | Age, ancestry, educational level, family income, respondent status, smoking, alcohol, BMI, farming, occupational physical activity |
| 5 y | 68 | 3.13 (1.98–4.95) | |||||
| 5–10 y | 27 | 2.11 (1.11–3.99) | |||||
| >10 y | 36 | 2.68 (1.45–4.95) | |||||
| Gapstur et al,18 US | Cancer prevention study-II | Usually worked alternate shifts that fell at least partially outside the daytime shift range | 8 | Fixed day | 4,497 | 1.00 | Age, race, education, BMI, smoking status, family history of prostate cancer, and painful/frequent urination |
| Rotating | 268 | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | |||||
| Yong et al,19 Germany | Male production workers in a German chemical company | Fast forward-rotating 12-hour shift schedules | 7 | Day work | NA | 1.00 | Age, job level, cigarette smoking, and employment duration in categories |
| Rotating shift | NA | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | |||||
| Papantoniou et al,33 Spain | The MCC-Spain study | Work partly or entirely between 12 am and 6 am, at least three times per month | 7 | Never | 733 | 1.00 | Age, center, educational level, family history of prostate cancer, physical activity over the past decade, smoking status, past sun exposure, and daily meat consumption |
| ≤10 y | 128 | 1.10 (0.83–1.45) | |||||
| 11–27 y | 92 | 0.94 (0.69–1.27) | |||||
| ≥28 y | 138 | 1.38 (1.05–1.81) | |||||
Abbreviations: JACC, Japan Collaborative Cohort; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; y, year; BMI, body mass index; NA, not available; MCC, multicase-control.