Table 5.

Reference and reportable values for blood metals levels (μg/dL)

Population	Timeframe	Measure	Cd	Hg	Pb	As
US age 20+ yrs [34]	2011–2012	Geometric Mean (95 % CI)	0.0337 (0.0323–0.0353)	0.0863 (0.0753–0.0990)	1.09 (1.03–1.16)	N/A
New York City age 20+ yrs [35]	2004	Geometric Mean (95 % CI)	0.077 (0.075–0.080)	0.273 (0.258–0.289)	1.79 (1.73–1.86)	N/A
Pregnant women (3rd trimester) in NC [36]	2009–2011	Geometric Mean (range)	0.0181 (<0.011–0.279)	0.0453 (<0.023–1.178)	0.890 (0.19–7.72)	0.0445 (<0.023–0.858)
Pregnant women (delivery) in Durham County [37]	2005–2010	Geometric Mean (range)	0.033 (0–0.402)	N/A	N/A	N/A
New York State [38]	n/a	Reportable Value	1	0.5	All	N/A
Michigan State [39]	n/a	Reportable Value	0.5	1.5	5	7
OSHA [40]	n/a	BEIa	0.5	1.5	30	N/A
CDC [41]	n/a	Reportable Value for Children and Pregnant Women	N/A	N/A	5	N/A

^aThe Biological Exposure Incides (BEI) are published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). It is intended to serve as a general guideline for industrial hygienists evaluating biomonitoring results [67]