Table 2. Characteristics of infection with C. parvum/ hominis in children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and results from univariate and multivariate logistic regression.
| Characteristics | Cases | Controls | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
| Cases | Controls | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 432 | 304 | 75 (17.4) | 1.24 (0.81–1.89) | 1.24 (0.81–1.91) | 6 (2.0) | 0.44 (0.16–1.22) | 0.48 (0.17–1.34) |
| Female | 269 | 254 | 39 (14.5) | 1 | 1 | 11 (4.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Age | ||||||||
| < 12 months | 537 | 343 | 90 (16.8) | 1 | 11 (3.2) | 1 | 1 | |
| > 12 months | 164 | 215 | 24 (14.6) | 0.85 (0.52–1.39) | 0.76 (0.45–1.28) | 6 (2.8) | 0.87 (0.32–2.38) | 1.15 (0.39–3.37) |
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Kinondoni | 211 | 162 | 43 (20.4) | 1.25 (0.73–2.14) | 1.21 (0.70–2.11) | 5 (3.1) | 0.72 (0.19–2.74) | 0.66 (0.16–2.66) |
| Ilala | 337 | 302 | 45 (13.5) | 0.75 (0.44–1.27) | 0.83 (0.48–1.44) | 8 (2.7) | 0.61 (0.18–2.08) | 0.54 (0.15–1.88) |
| Temeke | 153 | 94 | 26 (17.0) | 1 | 1 | 4 (4.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Parent level of education | ||||||||
| Higher level | 23 | 7 | 3 (13.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 (14.3) | 1 | 1 |
| Secondary | 138 | 130 | 22 (15.9) | 1.26 (0.35–4.62) | 1.38 (0.37–5.13) | 5 (3.9) | 0.24 (0.02–2.39) | 0.22 (0.02–2.41) |
| Primary and below | 540 | 421 | 89 (16.5) | 1.32 (0.38–4.52) | 1.41 (0.40–4.95) | 11 (2.6) | 0.16 (0.02–1.45) | 0.16 (0.02–1.60) |
| Type of diarrhea | ||||||||
| Acute diarrhea | 623 | NA | 95 (15.3) | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Persistent diarrhea | 78 | NA | 19 (24.4) | 1.79 (1.02–3.14)* | 1.51 (0.84–2.71) | NA | NA | NA |
| Hydration status | ||||||||
| No dehydration | 172 | NA | 32 (18.6) | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Presence of dehydration | 529 | NA | 82 (15.5) | 0.80 (0.51–1.26) | 0.95 (0.59–1.53) | NA | NA | NA |
| Nutritional status | ||||||||
| WAZ | ||||||||
| Normal weight | 301 | 338 | 42 (14.0) | 1 | 1 | 13 (3.9) | 1 | 1 |
| Underweight | 400 | 220 | 72 (18.0) | 1.35 (0.89–2.05) | 1.10 (0.68–1.77) | 4 (1.8) | 0.46 (0.15–1.44) | 0.55 (0.14–2.12) |
| LAZ | ||||||||
| Normal | 223 | 256 | 23 (10.3) | 1 | 1 | 8 (3.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Stunted | 478 | 302 | 91 (19.0) | 2.04 (1.25–3.33)** | 2.12 (1.18–3.79)* | 9 (3.0) | 0.95 (0.36–2.51) | 1.26 (0.42–3.84) |
| WLZ | ||||||||
| Normal | 491 | 441 | 80 (16.3) | 1 | 1 | 16 (3.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Wasting | 210 | 117 | 34 (16.2) | 0.99 (0.64–1.54) | 1.41 (0.81–2.44) | 1 (0.9) | 0.23 (0.03–1.74) | 0.31 (0.04–2.74) |
N: Total number of samples tested; n: number of positive samples; NA: not applicable for controls; WAZ: Weight-for age-Z-score; LAZ: Length-for-age-Z-score; WLZ: Weight-for-length-Z-score
*: P < 0.05;
**: P < 0.01