Table 1. Hepatic mRNA expression of FGF21, FGF21 binding, and genes associated with circadian rhythms and insulin signaling in control cows (n = 7) and cows induced to develop ketosis (n = 7) by undernutrition after calving.

Liver biopsy was performed at d 9 to 14 (ketosis induction) or 14 d postpartum (control) before the morning meal. The 95% confidence interval (CI) is reported.

Gene	Treatment	Relative expression 1	CI	P value
FGF21	Control	3.26	1.33 to 7.99	<0.01
	Ketotic	133.4	94.61 to 188.20
KLB	Control	7.97	5.66 to 11.24	0.02
	Ketotic	25.5	18.08 to 35.89
ARNTL	Control	1.48	1.17 to 1.87	0.26
	Ketotic	2.16	1.71 to 2.72
CLOCK	Control	0.37	0.29 to 0.47	0.20
	Ketotic	0.57	0.40 to 0.65
NFIL3	Control	0.55	0.43 to 0.70	0.39
	Ketotic	0.74	0.58 to 0.93
AKT1	Control	0.42	0.37 to 0.49	0.86
	Ketotic	0.44	0.38 to 0.50

¹Calculated after normalization with the geometric mean of UXT, GAPDH and RPS9 (see materials and methods).