Table 3.
Risk factors for external deaths among children
| Variable | Cases (%) | Control (%) | Odds ratioa | P-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 47) | (n = 1000) | (95 % CI) | ||
| Sex (matched) | ||||
| Male | 22 (46.8) | 480 (48.0) | ||
| Female | 25 (53.2) | 520 (52.0) | ||
| Main household income | ||||
| Farming | 11 (23.4) | 411 (41.1) | Reference | |
| Fishing | 5 (10.6) | 60 (6.0) | 3.07 (1.03–9.10 | 0.04 |
| Business/other | 17 (36.2) | 385 (38.5) | 1.74 (0.80–3.82) | 0.17 |
| Missing | 14 (29.7) | 144 (14.4) | ||
| Dwelling construction | ||||
| Best | 9 (19.2) | 174 (17.4) | 1.48 (0.59–3.76) | 0.41 |
| 2 | 4 (8.5) | 153 (15.3) | 0.73 (0.22–2.38) | 0.61 |
| 3 | 10 (21.3) | 289 (28.9) | Reference | |
| Worst | 11 (23.4) | 236 (23.6) | 1.36 (0.56–3.28) | 0.49 |
| Missing | 13 (27.7) | 148 (14.8) | ||
| Not having enough food | ||||
| No | 14 (29.8) | 407 (40.7) | Reference | |
| Yes | 6 (12.8) | 139 (13.9) | 1.27 (0.48–3.36) | 0.64 |
| Missing | 27 (57.5) | 454 (45.4) | ||
| Father’s level of schooling | ||||
| None/primary | 15 (31.9) | 348 (34.8) | Reference | |
| Secondary | 5 (10.6) | 255 (25.5) | 0.44 (0.16–1.22) | 0.11 |
| Missing | 27 (57.5) | 397 (39.7) | ||
| Mother’s level of schooling | ||||
| None/primary | 18 (38.3) | 481 (48.1) | Reference | |
| Secondary | 3 (6.4) | 162 (16.2) | 0.49 (0.14–1.72) | 0.27 |
| Missing | 26 (55.3) | 357 (35.7) | ||
| Individual’s level of schooling | ||||
| None | 12 (25.5) | 235 (23.5) | Reference | |
| Any schooling | 13 (27.7) | 321 (32.1) | 0.15 (0.03–0.81) | 0.03 |
| Pre-schoolc | 20 (42.6) | 423 (42.3) | 2.34 (0.48–11.3) | 0.29 |
| Missing | 2 (4.3) | 21 (2.1) |
aOdds ratio with 95 % confidence interval controlled for age, sex and time period (by matching and conditional logistic regression)
bP-value: result of Wald test of association of each category
cChildren under 5 years who had not yet attained school-going age