Table 4.
Risk factors for external deaths among adults
| Variable | Adult males (≥15 years) | Adult females (≥15 years) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (%) | Control (%) | Odds ratioa | P-valueb | Cases (%) | Control (%) | Odds ratio | P-value | |
| (n = 77) | (n = 1584) | (95 % CI) | (n = 19) | (n = 342) | (95 % CI) | |||
| Main household income | ||||||||
| Farming | 30 (39.0) | 676 (42.7) | Reference | 7 (36.8) | 149 (43.5) | Reference | ||
| Fishing | 11 (14.3) | 100 (6.3) | 2.45 (1.17–5.14) | 0.02 | 1 (5.3) | 29 (8.5) | 0.74 (0.08–6.55) | 0.08 |
| Business/other | 31 (40.3) | 637 (4.2) | 1.12 (0.66–1.88) | 0.68 | 8 (42.1) | 138 (40.4) | 1.20 (0.41–3.51) | |
| Missing | 5 (6.5) | 171 (10.8) | 3 (15.8) | 26 (7.6) | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Farmer | 46 (59.7) | 993 (62.7) | Reference | 9 (47.4) | 255 (74.6) | Reference | ||
| Fisherman | 11 (14.3) | 92 (5.8) | 2.92 (1.42–5.98) | 0.003 | ||||
| Other | 17 (22.1) | 411 (26.0) | 0.81 (0.44–1.52) | 0.52 | 8 (42.1) | 63 (18.4) | 4.04 (1.22–13.4) | 0.02 |
| Missing | 3 (3.9) | 88 (5.6) | 2 (10.5) | 24 (7.0) | ||||
| Dwelling construction | ||||||||
| Best | 13 (16.9) | 340 (21.5) | 0.73 (0.36–1.46) | 0.37 | 6 (31.6) | 77 (22.5) | Reference | |
| 2 | 13 (16.9) | 223 (14.1) | 1.10 (0.53–2.27) | 0.80 | 2 (10.5) | 59 (17.3) | 0.48 (0.09–2.51) | 0.39 |
| 3 | 23 (29.9) | 466 (29.4) | Reference | 4 (21.1) | 106 (31.0) | 0.59 (0.16–2.17) | 0.43 | |
| Worst | 21 (27.3) | 379 (23.9) | 1.08 (0.58–2.00) | 0.81 | 5 (26.3) | 71 (20.8) | 0.56 (0.26–3.96) | 0.84 |
| Missing | 7 (9.1) | 176 (11.1) | 2 (10.5) | 29 (8.4) | ||||
| Not having enough food | ||||||||
| No | 28 (36.4) | 792 (50.0) | Reference | 6 (31.6) | 165 (48.3) | Reference | ||
| Yes | 14 (18.2) | 259 (16.4) | 1.46 (0.75–2.86) | 0.26 | 3 (15.8) | 54 (15.8) | 1.93 (0.44–8.48) | 0.87 |
| Missing | 35 (45.5) | 533 (33.6) | 10 (52.6) | 123 (36.0) | ||||
| Individual’s level of schooling | ||||||||
| None/primaryc | 47 (61.0)) | 924 (58.3) | Reference | 16 (84.2) | 275 (80.4) | Reference | ||
| Secondary | 29 (37.7) | 632 (39.9) | 0.91 (0.55–1.49) | 0.70 | 3 (15.8) | 60 (17.5) | 0.98 (0.25–3.96) | 0.87 |
| Missing | 1 (1.3) | 28 (1.8) | 0 | 7 (2.1) | ||||
| HIV status | ||||||||
| Negative | 26 (33.8) | 995 (62.8) | Reference | 6 (31.6) | 228 (66.7) | |||
| Positive | 5 (6.5) | 89 (5.6) | 2.05 (0.72–5.79) | 0.18 | 0 | 20 (5.8) | ||
| Missing | 46 (59.7) | 500 (31.6) | 13 (68.4) | 94 (27.5) | ||||
aOdds ratio with 95 % confidence interval controlled for age, sex and time period (by matching and conditional logistic regression)
b P-value: result of Wald test of association of each category
cThere were few cases with no schooling hence combined with primary education group