Table 2. Inclusion Criteria.

Japanese (Asian)

No ocular pathologies detected by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fundus ophthalmoscopy

Visual acuity of 0.8* or better at the time of the MPOD measurement

A spherical equivalent refractive error of less than -6.0 diopter

No gastrointestinal diseases that could cause disturbance of dietary absorption

No diabetes

No history of lutein supplementation

No allergy to lutein and zeaxanthin

No history of smoking at least within one year

Pupil diameter of 7.0 mm or more at the time of MPOD measurement

* The visual acuity was measured using a decimal visual acuity test chart. 0.8 was equivalent to 20/25 of Snellen visual acuity or 0.097 of logMAR.

MPOD = macular pigment optical density.