Table 2.
Hazard ratios of psoriatic arthritis according to alcohol intake among all participants
| Cases | Person-Years | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Multivariate-adjusted HRa (95% CI) |
Multivariate-adjusted HRb (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cumulative average alcohol intake | |||||
| None | 55 | 386,298 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.1–14.9 g/d | 70 | 702,511 | 0.64 (0.45–0.91) | 0.70 (0.48–1.01) | 0.70 (0.48–1.01) |
| 15.0–29.9 g/d | 8 | 38,478 | 1.19 (0.56–2.50) | 1.39 (0.65–2.99) | 1.43 (0.67–3.08) |
| ≥30.0 g/d | 8 | 10,476 | 4.42 (2.10–9.31) | 4.27 (1.99–9.19) | 4.45 (2.07–9.59) |
| Updated alcohol intake | |||||
| None | 65 | 465,786 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.1–14.9 g/d | 61 | 612,878 | 0.70 (0.49–0.99) | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) | 0.83 (0.58–1.20) |
| 15.0–29.9 g/d | 4 | 41,122 | 0.53 (0.19–1.45) | 0.71 (0.25–1.97) | 0.73 (0.26–2.03) |
| ≥30.0 g/d | 11 | 16,978 | 3.45 (1.81–6.58) | 3.80 (1.95–7.37) | 3.96 (2.03–7.70) |
| Baseline alcohol intake in 1991 | |||||
| None | 73 | 482,080 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.1–14.9 g/d | 57 | 613,193 | 0.62 (0.44–0.88) | 0.69 (0.48–0.98) | 0.69 (0.49–0.99) |
| 15.0–29.9 g/d | 5 | 30,506 | 1.03 (0.42–2.56) | 1.21 (0.48–3.03) | 1.23 (0.49–3.09) |
| ≥30.0 g/d | 6 | 11,985 | 3.01 (1.31–6.93) | 2.79 (1.21–3.11) | 2.87 (1.22–6.71) |
Hazard ratios were further adjusted for body mass index (<25.0, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, and ≥35 kg/m2), physical activity (<3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, and ≥27 metabolic equivalent hours/week), smoking status (never, past, current smoking with 1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/d), acetaminophen use (yes or no), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use (yes or no), menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, postmenopausal use or no use), multivitamin use (yes or no), and folate intake (in quintiles).
Hazard ratios were adjusted for the covariates listed above plus personal histories of cardiovascular disease (yes or no), type 2 diabetes (yes or no), hypertension (yes or no), and hypercholesterolemia (yes or no).