Table 3.
Determinants of objectively measured total sedentary behaviour in children and direction and strength of association
| Related to sedentary behaviour | Unrelated to sedentary behaviour | Summary code1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Reference number | Direction of association | Reference number | n/N for row (%)2 | Association (+/−)3 |
| Individual variables: biological/genetic | |||||
| Gender | 54b | - | 1/1 (100 %) | - | |
| Age (older) | 36b, 36g, 39b, 39g, 39, 39, 39, 39, 54b, 54g, 57b, 57g | + | 15, 15 | 12/14 (86 %) | ++ |
| Birth weight | 29 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| SES (high) | 39, 39 | + | 2/2 (100 %) | + | |
| Individual variables: psychological/behavioural | |||||
| Depressive symptoms | 51b, 51g | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Interpersonal variables: social | |||||
| Family influences | |||||
| Number of parents living at home | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Number of siblings | 39 | - | 39 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Parental behaviour | |||||
| Paternal PA | 39b | + | 39g, 39, 39 | 1/4 (25 %) | 0 |
| Paternal TV/computer use (weekdays) | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Paternal TV/computer use (weekend days) | 39 | + | 39 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Maternal PA | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Maternal TV/computer use (weekdays) | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Maternal TV/computer use (weekend days) | 39 | + | 39 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Family behaviour | |||||
| Going to the park as a family | 39b | - | 39g, 39 | 1/3 (33 %) | 0 |
| Playing sports as a family | 39b | - | 39g, 39 | 1/3 (33 %) | 0 |
| Visiting relatives as a family | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Reading as a family | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Watching TV as a family | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Rules and restrictions | |||||
| Bedtime rules | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Restriction for playing outside | 39g | + | 39b, 39 | 1/3 (33 %) | 0 |
| Rules for playing after dark | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Indoor play rules | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Restriction for SB | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Parental perceptions | |||||
| Parents believe there is a high crime rate in their neighbourhood | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Parents consider stranger danger to be a concern | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Social network | |||||
| Social network score | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Social trust and cohesion score | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Ostracism (social support) | 46, 46, 46, 46 | + | 4/4 (100 %) | + | |
| Environmental variables | |||||
| Home | |||||
| Shared bedroom | 39 | - | 39 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Electronic games at home | 39 | - | 39 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Active games instead of traditional electronic games | 56 | - | 56, 56, 56 | 1/4 (25 %) | 0 |
| Removal of traditional electronic games | 56 | - | 56, 56, 56 | 1/4 (25 %) | 0 |
| Electronic equipment in the bedroom | 39, 39 | - | 38, 38 | 2/4 (50 %) | ? |
| Computer in the bedroom | 38, 38, 38 | 0/3 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| TV in the bedroom | 38, 38, 38 | 0/3 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Neighbourhood | |||||
| Urbanisation | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Area-level deprivation | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Living in a cul-de-sac | 39, 39, 52 | 0/3 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Neighbourhood play rules | 39, 39 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Parents are satisfied with quality of parks and playgrounds in their neighbourhood | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Distance to closest public open space from home | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: area of closest park to home | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: number of recreational facilities | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: number of playgrounds | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: number of amenities | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: walking paths | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: cycling paths | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: lighting along paths | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: trees providing shade | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: water feature | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: signage regarding dogs | 52 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Safety of walking/jogging in the neighbourhood | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Walkers/bikers on the streets can be easily seen by people at home | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Much crime in the neighbourhood | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Good lighting in the streets | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Much traffic, difficulties to walk | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Children frequently play outdoors | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Many interesting things to look at in the neighbourhood | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Many places to go within easy walking distance of home | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Sidewalks on most of the streets | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Bicycle/walking trails | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Easy access to 14 specified facilities (e.g. basketball court) | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Difficulties to get home from after-school activity at school | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Difficulties to get to an after school activity not at school | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Difficulties to get home from an activity someplace else | 45g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| School | |||||
| Location town fringe | 34, 34 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Location village/hamlet dwelling (urban) | 34 | + | 34 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| School size (number of pupils in year 4) | 34 | - | 34 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| School ground supportiveness for PA | 34, 34 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Aesthetics score | 34, 34 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Playground area | 34, 34 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Playground density | 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37 | + | 37, 37, 37 | 7/10 (70 %) | + |
| Existence of a bike rack | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of an entrance for pedestrians/cyclists only | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Walking access supportiveness for PA | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Cycling access supportiveness for PA | 34 | - | 1/1 (100 %) | - | |
| Existence of gym facility | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of indoor sports facility | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of sports field/pitch facility | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of pool facility | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of changing facilities | 34 | + | 1/1 (100 %) | + | |
| Existence of play equipment | 34 | + | 1/1 (100 %) | + | |
| Existence of sports equipment | 34 | + | 1/1 (100 %) | + | |
| Use of local park or playground | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Medium or high quality of sports facilities | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Physical activity facility supportiveness for PA | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Other facility supportiveness for PA | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| School neighbourhood | |||||
| Existence of heavy traffic | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Proportion of A-roads | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Number of traffic accidents per km of road | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of pathways near school | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of safe places to cross roads | 34 | - | 1/1 (100 %) | - | |
| Cars drive slowly | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Streets are safe to walk or ride | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Easy to get to school by foot | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Number of PA facilities per km2 | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| m2 verge per m of road | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Percentage of accessible land | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Effective walkable area ratio | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Connected node ratio | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Herfindahl-hirschman index (diversity of land uses in the school neighbourhood to measure environmental supportiveness) | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Streets are free from rubbish | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Time | |||||
| Specific day of the week | 54b, 54g | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Time of the day (school time vs out of school time (reference)) | 54b, 54g | - | 2/2 (100 %) | - | |
| Policy variables: industry | |||||
| Advertisement | 58 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Policy variables: government | |||||
| Participation in healthy school programme | 34, 34 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Provision of PA information | 34, 34 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Provision of health promotion information | 34 | + | 34 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Provision of risks of unhealthy lifestyle information | 34, 34 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Hours of physical education | 34 | + | 1/1 (100 %) | + | |
| Extracurricular PA before school | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Extracurricular PA during lunch breaks | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Extracurricular PA during weekends | 34 | - | 1/1 (100 %) | - | |
| Duration of morning break (>15 minutes) | 34 | - | 1/1 (100 %) | - | |
| Duration of lunch break | 34 | - | 1/1 (100 %) | - | |
| Breaks: allowed to play outside in bad weather | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Breaks: screenplay allowed | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Breaks: >2 PA allowed | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of breakfast club | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of lollypop person (e.g. crossing guard) | 34 | - | 1/1 (100 %) | - | |
| Existence of park and stride | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of travel plan | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Existence of walking bus | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Provision of cycle training | 34 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Provision of pedestrian training | 34 | + | 1/1 (100 %) | + | |
SB sedentary behaviour, SES socio-economic status
1Summary code is an overall summary of the findings for each variable separately
2 n = Number of analyses that support the direction of the association; N = number of analyses that have investigated and reported on possible associations between the variable and sedentary behaviour
3Shows the direction of the individual/summary association
Subgroup analyses: bonly in boys; gonly in girls; other subgroup analyses are listed but are not specified