Table 5.
Determinants of subjectively measured screen time in children and direction and strength of association
| Related to screen time | Unrelated to screen time | Summary code1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Reference number | Direction of association | Reference number | n/N for row (%)2 | Association (+/−)3 |
| Individual variables: biological/genetic | |||||
| Gender | 35b, 60b | + | 47b, 63 | 2/5 (40 %) | ? |
| 47g | + | ||||
| Age (older) | 15, 31b, 31g, 35g, 35, 40b, 40g, 40, 40, 40, 40, 43, 43, 43, 49b, 49g, 49, 49, 50b, 50g, 50b, 50g, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, | + | 15, 35b, 41g, 43, 43, 43, 43, 48b, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 52, 59g, 63 | 43/62(69 %) | ++ |
| 59g, 59g, 60b, 62b, 62g | - | ||||
| 43, 48g, 60g | |||||
| Maturation | 32b, 32 | + | 32g, 32, 32, 32 | 2/6 (33 %) | 0 |
| Weight status | 53, 53 | + | 2/2 (100 %) | + | |
| SES (high) | 62g | + | 62b | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Individual variables: psychological/behavioural | |||||
| Depressive symptoms | 48b, 48g, 51g | + | 51b | 3/4 (75 %) | + |
| SB at baseline | 40, 49, 50 | + | 3/3 (100 %) | + | |
| Eating in front of TV | 49 | + | 1/1 (100 %) | + | |
| Food intake | 53 (med) | + | 1/1 (100 %) | + | |
| Perceived academic rank | 48b | + | 1/2 (50 %) | ? | |
| 48g | - | ||||
| Academic expectation | 48b | + | 48g | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Future expectations | 48b | - | 48g | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Value of health, achievement and appearance | 48g | - | 48b | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Spiritual beliefs | 48b | - | 48g | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Interpersonal variables: cultural | |||||
| Ethnicity (African-American) | 48b, 48g | + | 2/2 (100 %) | + | |
| Interpersonal variables: social | |||||
| Family influences | |||||
| Mother at home | 48b, 48g | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Father at home | 48b, 48g | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Maternal education | 49 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Parents working full time | 48b, 48g | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Parental education | 48g | - | 48b | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Parental weight status | 41g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Parental behaviour | |||||
| Child’s perception of mother or father caring about staying fit | 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44 | 0/8 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Child’s perception of maternal or paternal encouragements to be active | 44, 44, 44 | - | 44, 44, 44, 44, 44 | 3/8 (38 %) | ? |
| Maternal TV viewing time | 42g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Paternal TV viewing time | 42g, 42b | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Parents’ use of TV as recreation | 42g | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Number of TV-related parenting risk factors (e.g. high maternal TV viewing) | 42g | + | 1/1 (100 %) | + | |
| Family behaviour | |||||
| Watching TV as a family | 42g | + | 1/1 (100 %) | + | |
| Rules and restrictions | |||||
| Maternal authority | 48g | - | 48b | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Paternal authority | 48b, 48g | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Parental perceptions | |||||
| Parents believe there is a high crime rate in their neighbourhood | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Parents consider stranger danger to be a concern | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Social network | |||||
| Social network score | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Social trust and cohesion score | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Environmental variables: micro | |||||
| Home | |||||
| Number of TVs at home | 49 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Video cassette recorder at home | 49 | 0/1 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Active games instead of traditional electronic games | 56, 56 | - | 56, 56 | 2/4 (50 %) | ? |
| Removal of traditional electronic games | 56, 56 | - | 56, 56 | 2/4 (50 %) | ? |
| Electronic equipment in the bedroom | 38, 38 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Computer in the bedroom | 38 | - | 38, 38 | 1/3 (33 %) | 0 |
| TV in the bedroom | 31b, 38, 49 | + | 31g, 38, 38 | 3/6 (50 %) | ? |
| Neighbourhood | |||||
| Living in a cul-de-sac | 52 | - | 52 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Parents are satisfied with quality of parks and playgrounds in their neighbourhood | 52 | - | 52 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Distance to closest public open space from home | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: area of closest park to home | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: number of recreational facilities | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: number of playgrounds | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: number of amenities | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: walking paths | 52 | + | 52 | 1/2 (50 %) | ? |
| Closest park: cycling paths | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: lighting along paths | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: trees providing shade | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: water feature | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Closest park: signage regarding dogs | 52, 52 | 0/2 (0 %) | 0 | ||
| Time | |||||
| Time (year) | 43, 43, 61b, 61g, 61, 61, 61, 61, 61, 61 | + | 43, 43 | 10/12 (83 %) | + |
SB sedentary behaviour, SES socio-economic status
1Summary code is an overall summary of the findings for each variable separately
2 n = Number of analyses that support the direction of the association; N = number of analyses that have investigated and reported on possible associations between the variable and sedentary behaviour
3Shows the direction of the individual/summary association
Subgroup analyses: bonly in boys; gonly in girls; other subgroup analyses are listed but are not specified