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. 2015 Sep 28;3(9):e12422. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12422

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© 2015 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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SN dopamine neuronal firing rate correlates with outcome under conditions of both high and low uncertainty. Normalized SN dopaminergic neuronal firing rate is higher for correct decisions under conditions of both high (P < 0.03, unpaired t-test) and low uncertainty (P < 0.05). When accounting for both outcome and uncertainty using a 2-way ANOVA, outcome remained the only significant effect on firing rate (F = 8.39, P = 0.0039). While the difference in firing rate was increased under highly uncertain conditions (1.73 spikes/sec) relative to low uncertainty (0.89 spikes/sec), this effect (interaction) was not statistically significant although the effect size on outcome was larger when including uncertainty (F = 8.39, P = 0.0039 vs. F = 4.67, P = 0.03, respectively).