Table 1.

Observed and latent variables used in the measurement and structural models for calibration and validation samples.

Measures	Indicator item wording	Factor loading
Latent variables
Salience Cronbach’s alpha=.67 (.79)	In the last month, how often, if at all, have you noticed the warning labels on cigarette packages? – Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Often, Very often; In the last month, how often, if at all, have you read or looked closely at the warning labels on cigarette packages? – Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Often, Very often	.83 (.83) .72 (.73)
Think risks Cronbach’s alpha=.79 (.79)	To what extent, if at all, do the warning labels make you think about the health risks of smoking? -- Not at all, A little, Somewhat, A lot; To what extent, if at all, do the warning labels on cigarette packs make you more likely to quit smoking? -- Not at all, A little, Somewhat, A lot; In the past 6 months, have [warning labels on cigarette packages] led you to think about quitting? -- Not at all, Somewhat, Very much	.90 (.87) .84 (.86) .76 (.80)
Worried Cronbach’s alpha=.84 (.84)	How worried are you, if at all, that smoking will damage your health in the future? -- Not at all worried, A little worried, Moderately worried, Very worried; How worried are you, if at all, that smoking will lower your quality of life in the future? -- Not at all worried, A little worried, Moderately worried, Very worried	.94 (.93) .86 (.86)
Avoid1	In the last month, have you made any effort to avoid looking at or thinking about the warning labels … By covering the warnings up? -- Yes, No; By keeping the pack out of sight? -- Yes, No; By using a cigarette case or some other pack? -- Yes, No; By not buying packs with particular labels? -- Yes, No	.92 (NA) .93 (NA) .78 (NA) .64 (NA)
Risk-minimising beliefs Cronbach’s alpha=.67 (.67)	Please tell me whether you strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree with each of the following statements: The medical evidence that smoking is harmful is exaggerated; You've got to die of something, so why not enjoy yourself and smoke; Smoking is no more risky than lots of other things that people do.	.52 (.53) .76 (.75) .62 (.64)
Smoking function beliefs Cronbach’s alpha=.53 (.42)	Please tell me whether you strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree with each of the following statements: You enjoy smoking too much to give it up; Smoking is an important part of your life.	.66 (.49) .55 (.54)
Observed variables
Forgo	In the last month, have the warning labels stopped you from having a cigarette when you were about to smoke one? – Never, Once, A few times, Many times	NA
Avoid2	In the last month have you made any effort to avoid looking at or thinking about the warning labels such as covering them up, keeping them out of sight, using a cigarette case, avoiding certain warnings, or any other means? – Yes, No	NA
Plan to quit	Are you planning to quit smoking --within the next month, within the next 6 months, sometime in the future beyond 6 months, or are you not planning to quit?	NA
Making quit attempts	Have you made any attempts to stop smoking since we last talked with you in [last survey date]? -- Yes, No	NA

NB.

NA, not applicable;

“You enjoy smoking too much to give it up” cross-loaded on the latent variable “Worried” with standardised factor loading of −.25 and −.21 for calibration and validation models, respectively;

Figures in parentheses are for validation model;

Avoid1, multiple-item question was used to assess avoidance behaviour in Wave 5; Avoid2, single-item question used instead in Wave 6;