Table 1.

Amdoparvovirus epidemiology in wild and farmed animals.

Geographical area	Origin∗	Species§	Prevalence (%)&	Detection method£	Period	Study
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV)
Nova Scotia, Canada	W	American mink	78.6	PCR	2006–2008	Farid et al., 2010
	W	American mink	93.3	CIEP, PCR	2009–2011	Farid, 2013
	W	Ermine	70.5
	W	Striped skunk	25
	W	Northern river otter	18.2
	W	Northern raccoon	10.6
	W	Bobcat	10
	F	American mink	23.8–70.7	CIEP	1998–2005	Farid et al., 2012
Ontario, Canada	W	Mink sp.	61.2	CIEP	Early 1970s	Cho and Greenfield, 1978
	W	Mink sp.	29–38	CIEP	2005–2009	Nituch et al., 2011
	W	Mink sp.	25	PCR	2005–2009	Nituch et al., 2012
	F	Mink sp.	46.3	CIEP	1970s	Cho and Greenfield, 1978
	F	Mink sp.	14–60	/	1986–2006	Nituch et al., 2012
USA	F	Mink sp.	/	PCR	1990s	Hadlow et al., 1983
	F	Mink sp.	/	PCR	1990s	Oie et al., 1996
Spain	W	European mink	33	CIEP, PCR	1997–1999	Mañas et al., 2001
	W	American mink	40	PCR
	W	Eurasian otter	100$	PCR
UK	W	American mink	51.8	CIEP	2000	Yamaguchi and Macdonald, 2001
	D	Ferret	8.5	Serology	1993	Welchman et al., 1993
France	W	American mink	22.7	CCIE, CCLAIE	1991–2001	Fournier-Chambrillon et al., 2004
	W	European mink	12.1
	W	European polecat	11
	W	Stone marten	23.5
	W	Pine marten	6.3
	W	Common genet	4.4
Denmark
Bornholm island	W	Mink sp.	45.1	CCIE, PCR	1998–2009	Jensen et al., 2012
Mainland	W	Mink sp.	3.3	CCIE
	F	Mink sp.	5	/	2001	Christensen et al., 2011
Sweden	W	Mink sp.	46,58		2004–2009	Persson et al., 2015
	F	Mink sp.	/	/	2000s	Persson et al., 2015
Finland	W	American mink	54.4	ELISA, PCR	2006–2014	Knuuttila et al., 2015
	W	European badger	26.9
	W	European polecat	7.1
	F	Mink sp.	3–60#	CIEP	1980–2014	Knuuttila et al., 2015
Estonia	W	American mink	14.8	PCR	2007–2010	Leimann et al., 2015
Ireland	F	Mink sp.	80	PCR	2006	Jahns et al., 2010
Iceland	W	Mink sp.	3.6	CCE	1980s
	F	Mink sp.	/	CCE	1996	Gunnarsson, 2001
The Netherlands	F	Mink sp.	/	PCR	2005	Christensen et al., 2011
Germany	F	Mink sp.	/	PCR ISH + SB	1980s	Schuierer et al., 1997 Haas et al., 1988
China	F	Mink sp.	/	/	2009	Li et al., 2012
Russia	F	Mink sp.	/	PCR	2000s	Martynenko and Bogunov, 2007
Red fox fecal amdovirus (RFFAV)
Spain	W	Red fox	/	Metagenomics	2013	Bodewes et al., 2014
Gray fox amdovirus (GFAV)
California	F	Gray fox	/	PCR	2009	Li et al., 2011
Raccoon dog and fox amdoparvovirus (RFAV)
China	F	Arctic fox	/	PCR	2012–2013	Shao et al., 2014
	F	Raccoon dog	/	PCR	2012–2013

^∗F, farm; W, wild; D, domestic.

^§American mink, Neovison vison; European mink, Mustela lutreola; ermine, Mustela erminea; striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis; northern river otter, Lontra canadensis; northern raccoon, Procyon lotor; bobcat, Lynx rufus; Eurasian otter, Lutra lutra; European polecat, Mustela putorius; stone marten, Martes foina; pine marten, Martes martes; common genet, Genetta genetta; European badger, Meles meles; ferret, Mustela putorius; mink sp., species not specified in the study; red fox, Vulpes vulpes; gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus; Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus; raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides.

^&Unless otherwise indicated values refer to the prevalence of infected wild animals for W or percentage of affected farms for F. A / indicates that the data is unknown.

^£PCR, polymerase chain reaction; CIEP, counter immunoelectrophoresis; CCIE, counter-current immunoelectrophoresis; CCLAIE, counter-current line absorption immunoelectrophoresis; CCE, counter current electrophoresis; ISH, in situ hybridization; SB, Southern blot. A / indicates that the data is unknown.

^$Only one individual tested.

^#Annual mean seroprevalence of farmed mink.