Figure 4.

Mechanisms of PTP regulation in tumor cells. A variety of factors control tumor cell viability by modulating PTP opening, mainly by modulating ROS levels. A ROS surge elicits PTP opening and cell death, whereas ROS inhibition keeps the pore locked and protects cells from noxious stimuli. PTP inducers are indicated in orange, PTP inhibitors in blue. I–IV, respiratory complexes; 2-AAF, 2-acetylaminofluorene; Q, coenzyme Q; cyt c, cytochrome c; HK II, hexokinase II; IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane; SB3, serpin B3; UCP-2, uncoupling protein 2. [From Rasola and Bernardi (494) with permission.]