Figure 4.

Survival from bacterial pore-forming toxins utilizes both exocytic and endocytic responses. Bacterial pore-forming toxins oligomerize and insert in the plasma membrane of target cells forming a diffusible pore. Evidence suggests these pores are removed both by endosomal degradative pathways (123, 164, 280) and exosomal shedding (14, 118, 136). Shed microvesicles containing streptolysin-O have been shown to also contain annexins A1 and A6 (219). In C. elegans, Rab 5 endocytic and Rab 11 recycling pathways are implicated in pore removal (164). ESCRT machinery (pink helix) has been implicated in exosomal shedding (129), although other exosomal machinery may also be involved (indicated by a question mark).