Table 2.
Comparision of PRR-deficient mice and human PRRs genetic polymorphisms
|
in-vivo mice models |
polymorphisms in humans |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene | Genotype | Effect | Reference | SNPs or haplotypes | Effect | Reference |
| TLR1 | −/− | Unknown | / | R80T, S248N, I602S | Significantly increased susceptibility to candidemia in whites; decreased secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 from PBMCs of volunteers with polymorphisms | [195] |
| TLR2 | −/− | Decreased production of TNF-α and chemokines; influence fungal clearance | [179-182] | P631H | No associations with susceptibility to candidemia; Increased susceptibility to RVVC; decreased secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17, while no influence on secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α from PBMCs of volunteers with polymorphisms | [195,197] |
| TLR3 | −/− | Unknown | / | L412F | Increased prevalence of chronic candidiasis; decreased secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α from PBMCs of volunteers with polymorphisms | [196] |
| TLR4 | −/− | Susceptibility to candidiasis varies depending on C. albicans strains and infection routes | [182–183] | A299G | No associations with susceptibility to RVVC | |
| No associations with susceptibility to candidemia | [197,198] | |||||
| TLR6 | −/− | Unknown | / | S249P | No associations with susceptibility to candidemia | [195] |
| TLR7 | −/− | Increase susceptibility to systemic candidiasis by low doses C. albicans | [27] | Unknown | Unknown | / |
| TLR9 | −/− | Increase susceptibility to systemic candidiasis by low doses C. albicans | [25,27] | Promoter | No associations with susceptibility to candidemia | [195] |
| Dectin-1 | −/− | Impairement of cytokine release, phagocyte recruitment, phagocytosis and microbial killing to candidaisis | [184] | Y238X | Increased susceptibility to mucocutaneous fungal infections (like RVVC); decreased secretion of IL-17, TNF-α, IL-6 from PBMCs of volunteers with polymorphisms | [198] |
| Dectin-3 | −/− | Increase susceptibility to systemic candidiasis by low doses C. albicans | [29] | Unknown | Unknown | / |
| MR | −/− | No significant difference in susceptibility to systemic candidiasis | [179] | Unknown | Unknown | / |
| Galectin-3 | −/− | Increase susceptibility to systemic candidiasis | [186] | Unknown | Unknown | / |
| NLRP3 | −/− | Increase susceptibility to systemic candidiasis | [36] | Unknown | Unknown | / |
| NLRP10 | −/− | Increase susceptibility to systemic candidiasis | [38] | Unknown | Unknown | / |
| MyD88 | −/− | Increase susceptibility to systemic candidiasis | [188] | Promoter, 3'UTR | No associations with susceptibility to candidemia | [195] |
| CARD9 | −/− | Increase susceptibility to systemic candidiasis | [53] | S12A, Q295X | No associations with susceptibility to RVVC (S12A); Increase susceptibility to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (Q295X); decreased proportion of Th17 cells in RVVC patients with mutated (Q295X) CARD9 | [198,170] |