Table 1.

Distribution of hypermucoviscosity (HV) phenotype between K. pneumoniae isolates with and without ESBLs

Isolates (n)	HV-positive	HV-negative	p
2004 – 2005 (226)	n = 96	n = 130	p for HV among 2004–2005 isolates
ESBL-KP (57)	5 (8.8%)	52 (91.2%)	< 0.0001 (vs. non-ESBL KP)
Sputum (24)	1 (4.2%)	23	0.385 (vs. non-sputum ESBL-KP)
Urine (18)	1 (5.6%)	17	1.000 (vs. non-urine ESBL-KP)
Blood (10)	3 (30.0%)	7	0.033* (vs. non-blood ESBL-KP)
Othersa(5)	0	5
Non-ESBL KP (169)	91 (53.8%)	78 (46.2%)
Sputum (105)	62 (59.0%)	43	< 0.0001* (vs. sputum ESBL-KP)
Blood (39)	22 (55%)	17	0.171 (vs. blood ESBL-KP)
Urine (8)	1 (12.5%)	7	0.529 (vs. urine ESBL-KP) 0.048*(vs blood non-ESBL KP) 0.022*(vs sputum non-ESBL KP)
Abscess pus (6)	4 (66.7%)	2	0.686 (vs. other non-ESBL KP)
Wound (3)	0	3
CVCb tip (2)	0	2
Othersc (6)	2 (40%)	4
2007 - 2010			p for HV (vs. 2004–2005 isolates)
Blood ESBL-KP (166)	37 (22.3%)	129 (77.7%)	0.005* (vs. non-blood ESBL-KP)
			0.697 (vs. blood ESBL-KP)
			< 0.0001*(vs. non-ESBL KP)
			< 0.0001* (vs. blood non-ESBL KP)
2010			p for HV (vs. 2007–2010 isolates)
Blood non-ESBL KP (48)	25 (52.1%)	23 (47.9%)	< 0.0001* (vs. blood ESBL-KP)
			p for HV (vs. 2004–2005 isolates)
			0.687 (vs. blood non-ESBL KP)
2003–2004 (from 2 medical centers)d			p for HV (vs. 2007–2010 isolates)
Blood community-acquired KP (105)d	51 (48.6%)	54 (51.4%)	< 0.0001* (vs. blood ESBL-KP)
			p for HV (vs. 2004–2005 isolates)
			0.403 (vs. blood non-ESBL KP)

^a:ascites (n =2), bile (n = 1), pleural effusion (n = 1) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (n = 1).

^b:central venous catheter tip.

^c:ascites (n = 3), bile (n = 1), pleural effusion (n = 1) and pericardial effusion (n = 1).

^d:data extracted from reference 1 (Yu 2006) for external validation; the community-acquired KP isolates were almost non-ESBL KP (personal opinion).

^*p < 0.05.