Surface charge of gatekeeper homologues. Electrostatic surfaces of the gatekeeper homologues were calculated using Chimera and are displayed on a red–white–blue scale (red is negatively charged, blue is positively charged). PDB codes: YopN/TyeA, 1xl3 (Schubot et al., 2005 ▸); MxiC, 2vj5 (Deane et al., 2008 ▸); CopN, 4p40 (Nawrotek et al., 2014 ▸).