Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Characteristics | Schizophrenia | Healthy Controls |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Total number | N = 71 | N = 196 |
| Age (mean years ± SD)a | 28.2±7.8 | 31.5±7.8 |
| Gender (abs male, %)b | N = 42, 59.2% | N = 114, 58.2% |
| Handedness (% right)c,d | 92.8% | 87.6% |
| Symptom rating (mean ± SD)e | ||
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score | 58.1±13.7 | |
| PANSS general score | 30.0±6.8 | |
| PANSS positive score | 13.3±4.9 | |
| PANSS negative score | 14.8±5.0 | |
| GAF symptom score | 46.1±14.0 | |
| Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) function score | 47.0±12.3 | |
| Medication (abs, mean DDD ± SD)f | ||
| First generation antipsychoticsg | N = 5, 2.82±3.3 | |
| Second generation antipsychoticsg | N = 56, 1.47±2.0 | |
| Antidepressiva | N = 21, 2.51±4.2 | |
| Antiepileptica | N = 3, 0.32±0.2 | |
| Substance/alcohol usage and smoking | ||
| Substance abuse | N = 1, 1.4% | |
| Alcohol abuse | N = 1, 1.4% | |
| Substance addiction | N = 12, 16.9% | |
| Alcohol addiction | N = 6, 8.5% | |
| Smokers | N = 40, 56.3% | |
Note: aGroups significantly different in age: t = 3.1, P < .003.
bGroups not significantly different in gender: χ2 = 0.02, P = .9.
cGroups not significantly different in handedness: χ2 = 1.2, P = .27.
dIncomplete handedness data from N = 15 (schizophrenia), N = 11 (healthy controls).
eIncomplete symptom scores from N = 4.
fDDD = defined daily dose. Incomplete medication record from N = 9. Three patients did not receive any of the listed medications.
gThe patients were treated with the following antipsychotics (N, mean DDD ± SD): Amisulpride (N = 3, 1.58±0.8), Aripirazole (N = 15, 0.82±0.3), Chlorprothixene (N = 1, 1±0), Clozapine (N = 4, 0.68±0.7), Flupentixol (N = 1, 6.67±0), Haloperidol (N = 1, 6.25±0), Ievomepromazine (N = 2, 0.1±0.1), Olanzapine (N = 19, 1.09±0.6), Palliperidone (N = 5, 4.43±5.7), Quetiapine (N = 17, 0.78±0.6), Risperidone (N = 9, 0.71±0.3).