Table 3.
Associations Between Perceived Effectiveness and Affective Response (Valence and Arousal) in Total Sample (n = 148)
| Stimulus/ Message | Association Between Perceived Effectiveness | |
|---|---|---|
| Valence (r) | Arousal (r) | |
| Picture A: Smoking isn’t pretty. | 0.54*** | −0.36*** |
| Picture B: Cigarettes cause heart disease. | 0.41*** | −0.33*** |
| Picture C: Smoking causes fatal lung disease. | 0.47*** | −0.21** |
| Picture D: Smoking contains benzene, nitrosamines, formaldehyde, and hydrogen cyanide. | 0.50*** | −0.32*** |
| Picture E: Smoking is a major cause of strokes. | 0.49*** | −0.39*** |
| Picture F: Secondhand smoke can cause stillborn births, low birth weight, and other pregnancy problems. | 0.30*** | −0.12 |
| Picture G: Smoking causes impotency. | 0.45*** | −0.35*** |
| Picture H: Cigarettes are addictive. | 0.42*** | −0.39*** |
| Picture I: Smoking causes premature births. | 0.42*** | −0.01 |
| Picture J: Cigarettes are addictive. | 0.57*** | −0.29*** |
| Video A: Smoking is addictive. | 0.43*** | −0.28*** |
| Video B: Smoking causes lung cancer. | 0.55 *** | −0.29*** |
| Video C: Smoking causes heart attack. | 0.46*** | −0.34*** |
| Video D: Cigarettes contain harmful chemicals. | 0.40*** | −0.25** |
| Video E: Smoking causes impotence. | 0.25** | −0.25** |
| Video F: Smoking harms physical appearance. | 0.19* | −0.31*** |
| Video G: Smoking harms the developing fetus. | 0.53*** | −0.27*** |
| Video H: Secondhand smoke causes disease. | 0.52*** | −0.32*** |
| Mean | 0.43±0.11 | −0.28±0.09 |
Note: *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.