Table 5.
Hierarchical linear modeling analyses for treatment effects on children’s maladaptive and adaptive behaviors
| Fixed Effect | Coefficient | t | df |
|---|---|---|---|
| Internalizing behavior | |||
| Intercept | 4.74 | 6.01** | 24 |
| EBP treatment | −2.39 | −2.82** | 24 |
| Age | −0.00 | −0.87 | 192 |
| Sex | 0.47 | 0.88 | 192 |
| Verbal ability | −0.02 | −0.97 | 192 |
| Ethnicity | 0.49 | 0.80 | 192 |
| Time 1 internalizing behavior | 0.46 | 9.36** | 192 |
| Externalizing behaviour | |||
| Intercept | 5.85 | 4.95** | 24 |
| EBP treatment | 0.44 | 0.56 | 24 |
| Age | −0.00 | −1.20 | 180 |
| Sex | 0.84 | 1.26 | 180 |
| Ethnicity | 1.70 | 2.34* | 180 |
| Contextual risk | 1.10 | 2.56** | 180 |
| EBP treatment | −1.44 | −2.34* | 180 |
| Time 1 externalizing behavior | 0.82 | 6.60** | 25 |
| Disruptive behaviour | |||
| Intercept | 8.61 | 38.00** | 24 |
| EBP treatment | −0.21 | −0.99 | 24 |
| Ethnicity | 0.25 | 1.18 | 241 |
| Time 1 disruptive behavior | 0.67 | 9.30** | 25 |
| Negative expressions | |||
| Intercept | 8.33 | 16.78** | 24 |
| EBP treatment | −1.39 | −1.99† | 24 |
| Time 1 negative expressions | 0.41 | 5.59** | 25 |
| Observed negative interactions | |||
| Intercept | 1.84 | 6.36** | 24 |
| EBP treatment | −0.76 | −1.78† | 24 |
| Verbal ability | −0.03 | −2.09* | 133 |
| Parental depression | −0.07 | −1.12 | 133 |
| EBP treatment | 0.19 | 2.12* | 133 |
| Time 1 negative interactions | 0.11 | 1.58 | 133 |
| Observed solitary behaviour | |||
| Intercept | 81.53 | 5.39** | 22 |
| EBP treatment | −75.08 | −2.51* | 22 |
| Emotional support | −4.59 | −1.42 | 22 |
| EBP × Emotional Support | 13.17 | 2.52* | 22 |
| Verbal ability | −0.10 | −1.09 | 156 |
| Time 1 solitary behavior | 0.06 | 0.40 | 25 |
| Prosocial behaviour | |||
| Intercept | 43.41 | 7.25** | 22 |
| EBP treatment | 31.68 | 2.71* | 22 |
| Emotional support | 2.13 | 1.73† | 22 |
| EBP × Emotional Support | −5.29 | −2.61* | 22 |
| Age | 0.00 | 0.65 | 153 |
| Sex | −1.82 | −2.38* | 153 |
| Verbal ability | 0.04 | 1.44 | 25 |
| Ethnicity | −1.34 | −1.52 | 153 |
| Contextual risk | 0.37 | 1.06 | 153 |
| Time 1 prosocial behavior | 0.44 | 7.95** | 153 |
| Positive expressions | |||
| Intercept | 10.59 | 28.78** | 24 |
| EBP treatment | 0.28 | 0.66 | 24 |
| Age | 0.00 | 0.76 | 194 |
| Sex | −0.74 | −2.92** | 25 |
| Verbal ability | 0.01 | 1.81† | 194 |
| Ethnicity | −0.46 | −1.91† | 25 |
| Time 1 positive expressions | 0.34 | 5.03** | 25 |
| Observed positive interactions | |||
| Intercept | 18.88 | 1.41 | 22 |
| EBP treatment | 63.34 | 2.38* | 22 |
| Emotional support | 2.39 | 0.87 | 22 |
| EBP × Emotional Support | −11.31 | −2.44* | 22 |
| Verbal ability | 0.15 | 1.50 | 25 |
| Time 1 positive interactions | 0.05 | 0.33 | 25 |
Note: Statistically significant EBP main effects and moderation effects are in boldface. EBP treatment, Sex, Ethnicity, and Emotional support were uncentered variables, with Head Start as usual, female, Hispanic, and low emotional support as the 0 reference groups, respectively.
†
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.