Table 2.
Risk factors of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia as compared with healthy controls; multivariate analysis
| No dyspepsia (n=1031) | Uninvestigated dyspepsia (n =771) | Functional dyspepsia (n=491) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | OR (99.5% CI) | p Value | n (%) | OR (99.5% CI) | p Value | |
| Demographic factors | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 515 (50.0) | 302 (39.2) | 1 | 0.008 | 146 (29.7) | 1 | <0.001 |
| Female | 516 (50.0) | 469 (60.8) | 1.52 (0.98 to 2.38) | 345 (70.3) | 2.01 (1.16 to 3.47) | ||
| Age (years) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 51.79 (10.69) | 46 (13.80) | 0.96 (0.94 to 0.98) | <0.001 | 45.0 (13.30) | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.98) | <0.001 |
| Occupation | |||||||
| Unemployed | 354 (34.3) | 250 (32.4) | 1 | 0.786 | 168 (34.2) | 1 | 0.478 |
| White-collar | 372 (36.1) | 246 (31.9) | 0.95 (0.61 to 1.49) | 0.763 | 170 (34.6) | 1.05 (0.63 to 1.75) | 0.795 |
| Labourer | 305 (29.1) | 275 (35.7) | 0.89 (0.55 to 1.43) | 0.490 | 153 (31.2) | 0.84 (0.48 to 1.47) | 0.375 |
| Married status | |||||||
| Married | 937 (90.9) | 620 (80.4) | 1 | 0.107 | 384 (78.2) | 1 | 0.147 |
| Never married | 94 (9.1) | 151 (19.6) | 1.42 (0.77 to 2.64) | 107 (21.8) | 1.42 (0.72 to 2.80) | ||
| Education level | |||||||
| Below elementary | 102 (9.9) | 124 (16.1) | 1 | 60 (12.2) | 1 | ||
| Below senior high school | 252 (24.4) | 312 (40.5) | 0.77 (0.42 to 1.41) | 0.228 | 193 (39.3) | 0.95 (0.46 to 1.97) | 0.831 |
| Above college | 677 (65.7) | 335 (43.5) | 0.32 (0.17 to 0.60) | <0.001 | 238 (48.5) | 0.42 (0.20 to 0.88) | 0.001 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 23.52 (3.19) | 23.72 (7.63) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.06) | 0.081 | 22.94 (5.10) | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05) | 0.872 |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Never | 831 (80.6) | 545 (70.7) | 1 | 0.032 | 381 (77.6) | 1 | 0.284 |
| Ever | 200 (19.4) | 226 (29.3) | 1.49 (0.88 to 2.51) | 110 (22.4) | 1.28 (0.68 to 2.41) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||
| Never | 842 (81.7) | 558 (72.4) | 1 | 0.063 | 378 (77.0) | 1 | 0.216 |
| Ever | 189 (18.3) | 213 (27.6) | 1.38 (0.85 to 2.24) | 113 (23.0) | 1.29 (0.73 to 2.29) | ||
| Betel nut chewing | |||||||
| Never | 1017 (98.6) | 683 (88.6) | 1 | <0.001 | 452 (92.1) | 1 | 0.001 |
| Ever | 14 (1.4) | 88 (11.4) | 6.31 (2.20 to 18.12) | 39 (7.9) | 4.55 (1.30 to 15.91) | ||
| Tea consumption | |||||||
| Never | 461 (44.7) | 383 (49.7) | 1 | 0.302 | 247 (50.3) | 1 | 0.213 |
| Ever | 570 (55.3) | 388 (50.3) | 0.87 (0.59 to 1.28) | 244 (49.7) | 0.82 (0.52 to 1.29) | ||
| Coffee consumption | |||||||
| Never | 545 (52.9) | 479 (62.1) | 1 | 0.002 | 297 (60.5) | 1 | 0.011 |
| Ever | 486 (47.1) | 292 (37.9) | 0.65 (0.44 to 0.97) | 194 (39.5) | 0.66 (0.41 to 1.04) | ||
| Vegetarian | |||||||
| Never | 996 (96.9) | 724 (93.9) | 1 | 0.106 | 462 (94.1) | 1 | 0.319 |
| Ever | 35 (3.4) | 47 (6.1) | 1.62 (0.70 to 3.73) | 29 (5.9) | 1.41 (0.53 to 3.73) | ||
| Exercise habit | |||||||
| Less/never | 361 (35.0) | 488 (63.3) | 1 | <0.001 | 297 (60.5) | 1 | 0.012 |
| Ever | 670 (65.0) | 283 (36.7) | 0.51 (0.35 to 0.74) | 194 (39.5) | 0.68 (0.44 to 1.05) | ||
| NSAIDs recent consumption | |||||||
| Never | 997 (96.7) | 598 (77.6) | 1 | <0.001 | 383 (78.0) | 1 | <0.001 |
| Ever | 34 (3.3) | 173 (22.4) | 5.96 (3.04 to 11.69) | 108 (22.0) | 6.60 (3.13 to 13.90) | ||
| Aspirin recent consumption | |||||||
| Never | 997 (96.7) | 761 (98.7) | 1 | 0.072 | 484 (98.6) | 1 | 0.343 |
| Ever | 34 (3.3) | 10 (1.3) | 0.43 (0.11 to 1.61) | 7 (1.4) | 0.61 (0.14 to 2.68) | ||
| Psychological factors (BSRS-5) | |||||||
| I. Sleep disturbance | |||||||
| No | 619 (60.0) | 280 (36.3) | 1 | <0.001 | 161 (32.8) | 1 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 412 (40.0) | 491 (63.7) | 1.76 (1.18 to 2.61) | 330 (67.2) | 1.72 (1.09 to 2.73) | ||
| II. Anxiety | |||||||
| No | 727 (70.5) | 321 (41.6) | 1 | <0.001 | 169 (34.4) | 1 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 304 (29.5) | 450 (58.4) | 2.82 (1.78 to 4.46) | 332 (64.8) | 3.41 (2.01 to 5.77) | ||
| III. Hostility | |||||||
| No | 674 (65.4) | 376 (48.8) | 1 | 0.021 | 214 (43.6) | 1 | 0.176 |
| Yes | 357 (34.6) | 395 (51.2) | 0.67 (0.41 to 1.09) | 277 (56.4) | 0.76 (0.44 to 1.34) | ||
| IV. Depression | |||||||
| No | 759 (73.6) | 389 (50.5) | 1 | 0.001 | 225 (45.8) | 1 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 272 (26.4) | 382 (49.5) | 1.80 (1.10 to 2.93) | 266 (54.2) | 1.92 (1.10 to 3.33) | ||
| V. Inferiority | |||||||
| No | 891 (86.4) | 579 (75.1) | 1 | 0.007 | 366 (74.5) | 1 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 140 (13.6) | 192 (24.9) | 0.59 (0.34 to 1.02) | 125 (25.5) | 0.48 (0.26 to 0.90) | ||
| Other factors | |||||||
| H. pylori | |||||||
| No | 652 (63.2) | 413 (53.6) | 1 | <0.001 | 295 (60.1) | 1 | 0.003 |
| Yes | 379 (36.8) | 358 (46.4) | 1.88 (1.30 to 2.73) | 196 (39.9) | 1.60 (1.03 to 2.48) | ||
| IBS | |||||||
| No | 999 (96.9) | 620 (80.4) | 1 | <0.001 | 347 (70.7) | 1 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 32 (3.1) | 151 (19.6) | 6.09 (3.12 to 11.91) | 144 (29.3) | 6.89 (3.41 to 13.94) | ||
ORs and 99.5% CIs calculated using a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for all variables of p values less than 0.05 in the online supplementary table S1 and multiple testing adjustment (Holm method).
BMI, body mass index; BSRS-5, 5-item Brief Symptom Rating Scale; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome.