Table 1.
Trace elements detected in particulate matter in TSP and urban PM2.5 samples determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Values are expressed in ng/cm2.
| Elements | PM2.5 | TSP | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |
| Al | 2092.87 | 3173.2 | 50 | 7560 | 243.3 | 86.79 | 163.71 | 381.24 |
| Ca | 6319.15 | 2056.4 | 2122.65 | 7246.96 | 17326.07 | 1029.77 | 16490.66 | 18746.2 |
| Cu | 295.68 | 159.75 | 201.45 | 619.71 | 47.14 | 11.23 | 30.61 | 60.01 |
| Fe | 5508.02 | 7114.9 | 741.4 | 19674.99 | 82507.29 | 6371.3 | 77378.4 | 91157.24 |
| K | 3447.3 | 4067.65 | 86.13 | 8965.63 | 12160.76 | 851.3 | 11182.87 | 13219.38 |
| Na | 6983.34 | 443.21 | 6442.02 | 7422 | 1646.66 | 253.39 | 1273.23 | 1996.43 |
| Ni | 118.85 | 90.7 | 2.24 | 225.81 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Pb | 58.75 | 88.4 | 0 | 221.52 | 1590.87 | 146.16 | 1483.27 | 1794.6 |
| S | 8148.23 | 4909.5 | 4005.02 | 16652.87 | 7666.33 | 474.09 | 7292.37 | 8293.68 |
| Si | 4197.89 | 4757.07 | 1.61 | 13223.91 | 5922.42 | 308.92 | 5574.73 | 6288.79 |
| Ti | 68.59 | 66.14 | 14.43 | 179.04 | 181.05 | 24.7 | 157.02 | 210.43 |
| V | 121.51 | 76.9 | 43.67 | 226.43 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Zn | 1208.02 | 767.27 | 80.81 | 2040.82 | 111.67 | 11.69 | 90 | 120 |
| mass* | 0.373 | 0.206 | 0.161 | 0.714 | 0.502 | – | – | – |
PM2.5: urban particulate matter (2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter), TSP: total suspension particles collected from an electrostatic precipitator of a steel plant, ND: not detected, *: mass expressed in g.