Table 3. Chronic low back pain according to other variables in population-based studies, except age and sex.
| Author (year) | Variable | Prevalence |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | ||
| Alkherayf et al1 (2009) | Smoking status | Daily smokers (present or former): 23.3 Occasional smokers (present or former): 17.2 Non-smokers: 15.7 Analysis stratified by smoking status: CLBP prevalence was higher in daily smokers (present or former) in comparison to occasional smokers (present or former) and non-smokers in all variables assessed: sex, age, BMI, education and occupational status | |||
|
| |||||
| Freburger et al14 (2009) | Race/Ethnicity | 1992 | 2006 | ||
| Non-Hispanic white: 4.1 | 3.5;4.7 | Non-Hispanic white: 10.5 | 9.4;11.5 | ||
| Non-Hispanic black: 3.0 | 2.0;4.0 | Non-Hispanic black: 9.8 | 8.2;11.4 | ||
| Other:4.1 | 1.4;6.8 | Hispanic: 6.3 | 3.8;8.9 | ||
| Other: 9.1 | 6.2;12.0 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Meucci et al29 (2013) & Silva et al39 (2004) | Education (years) | 2002 | 2010 | ||
| 0: 6.9 | 6.0;7.8 | 0: 14.3 | 9.7;18.9 | ||
| 1-4: 6.3 | 5.5;7.2 | 1-4: 13.0 | 10.2;15.7 | ||
| 5-8: 4.4 | 3.7;5.2 | 5-8: 9.7 | 7.5;11.9 | ||
| 9-11: 2.7 | 2.2;3.3 | 9-11: 8.1 | 5.9;10.2 | ||
| ≥ 12: 2.0 | 1.5;2.6 | ≥ 12: 6.8 | 4.7;8.8 | ||
| Economic status | A or B: 2.8 | 2.3;3.4 | A or B: 7.8 | 5.0;10.5 | |
| C: 4.6 | 3.9;5.4 | C: 9.0 | 7.4;10.5 | ||
| D or E: 4.6 | 3.9;5.4 | D or E: 11.3 | 9.0;13.6 | ||
| Smoking | Never: 3.2 | 2.6;3.9 | Never: 8.0 | 6.6;9.4 | |
| Former smoker: 5.0 | 4.3;5.8 | Former smoker: 11.3 | 8.5;14.1 | ||
| Smoker: 5.5 | 4.7;6.3 | Smoker: 11.5 | 9.2;13.9 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ≤ 19.9: 2.7 | 2.1;3.3 | ≤ 19.9: 4.3 | 0.5;8.0 | |
| 20-24.9: 3.4 | 2.8;4.1 | 20-24.9: 8.0 | 6.1;9.8 | ||
| 25-29.9: 4.1 | 3.4;4.9 | 25-29.9: 8.4 | 6.5;10.2 | ||
| ≥ 30.0: 6.2 | 5.7;7.1 | ≥ 30.0: 14.2 | 11.5;16.9 | ||
|
| |||||
| Almeida et al2 (2008) | Smoking | Never: 12.2 | |||
| Former smoker: 19.7 | |||||
| Smoker: 17.6 | |||||
| Marital status | Married or partner: 15.9 | ||||
| Single: 9.5 | |||||
| Widow or divorced: 20.6 | |||||
|
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| Fujii15 (2012) | Smoking | No CLBP | CLBP | ||
| Ever smoked: 52.4 | Ever smoked: 42.6 | ||||
| Education | College: 49.4 | College: 40.8 | |||
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| Jimenez-Sanchez et al23 (2012) | Education | Male | Female | ||
| No studies: 9.7 | 6.9;13.5 | No studies: 20.1 | 16.7;24.0 | ||
| Primary: 9.9 | 8.7;11.2 | Primary: 17.1 | 15.7;18.6 | ||
| Secondary:6.6 | 5.4;7.9 | Secondary: 10.7 | 9.3;12.3 | ||
| Marital status | Single: 4.3 | 3.4;5.4 | Single: 7.7 | 6.5;9.1 | |
| Married: 9.5 | 8.6;10.6 | Married: 15.5 | 14.3;16.8 | ||
| Divorced or widowed: 10.5 | 7.2;15.1 | Divorced or widowed: 20.4 | 18.0;23.0 | ||
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| Van Oostromet al32 (2011) | Analysis stratified by 3 patterns of low back pain: never long-standing LBP; persistent LBP over 10 years; varying LBP. Individuals with persistent LBP were less educated, have less paid job, were more obese, and predominantly smokers. | ||||
CS: cross-sectional; C: cohort; LBP: low back pain; BMI: Body Mass Index; CLBP: Chronic Low Back Pain.