Table 5.
Inverse probability of treatment-weighted estimates of the marginal structural model
| Parameter | Estimate | SE | 95 % Confidence limits | HR (95 % CI) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHI-OS | ||||||
| Antidepressant medication use | <.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.41 | 1.35 (1.21-1.51) | |
| No | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Presence of elevated depressive symptoms | 0.04 | |||||
| Yes | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 1.09 (1.00-1.20) | |
| No | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 0.72 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 1.12 | 2.05 (1.38-3.06) | 0.0004 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 0.78 | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 2.18 (1.84-2.59) | <.0001 |
| Black/African American | 0.56 | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.67 | 1.75 (1.58-1.95) | <.0001 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.52 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.69 | 1.68 (1.42-1.99) | <.0001 |
| White | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Other | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.65 | 1.42 (1.05-1.92) | 0.02 |
| Education level | ||||||
| <= high school | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.52 | 1.45 (1.25-1.68) | <.0001 |
| High school or GED | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 1.34 (1.21-1.48) | <.0001 |
| > = High school, but less than 4 years of college | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 1.25 (1.15-1.35) | <.0001 |
| 4 or more years of college | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Minutes or recreational physical activity per week | -0.0006 | 0.0001 | -0.0008 | -0.0004 | 0.9994 (0.9992-0.9996) | <.0001 |
| Family history of diabetes | ||||||
| No | -0.78 | 0.04 | -0.85 | -0.71 | 0.46 (0.43-0.49) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Don’t know | -0.41 | 0.08 | -0.57 | -0.24 | 0.66 (0.57-0.79) | <.0001 |
| Hormone therapy use | ||||||
| Never | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Former | 0.01 | 0.05 | -0.09 | 0.10 | 1.01 (0.91-1.11) | 0.89 |
| Current | -0.12 | 0.04 | -0.20 | -0.04 | 0.89 (0.82-0.96) | 0.004 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoked | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Past smoker | 0.05 | 0.04 | -0.03 | 0.12 | 1.05 (0.97-1.13) | 0.21 |
| Current smoker | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 1.19 (1.03-1.36) | 0.02 |
| BMI | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 1.08 (1.08-1.09) | <.0001 |
| Age | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.02 (1.01-1.02) | <.0001 |
| Baseline total energy intake | ||||||
| 4.87- 1100.54 | -0.21 | 0.05 | -0.30 | -0.11 | 0.81 (0.74-0.90) | <.0001 |
| 1100.55- 1437.42 | -0.24 | 0.05 | -0.33 | -0.14 | 0.79 (0.72-0.87) | <.0001 |
| 1437.44- 1828.01 | -0.18 | 0.05 | -0.27 | -0.08 | 0.84 (0.76-0.92) | 0.00 |
| > = 1828.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| WHI-CT | ||||||
| Antidepressant medication use | <.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.36 | 1.27 (1.14-1.43) | |
| No | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Presence of elevated depressive symptoms | 0.04 | |||||
| Yes | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 1.09 (1.00-1.20) | |
| No | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 0.09 | 0.26 | -0.41 | 0.60 | 1.09 (0.66-1.82) | 0.71 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 0.73 | 0.10 | 0.54 | 0.91 | 2.08 (1.72-2.48) | <.0001 |
| Black/African American | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.51 | 1.51 (1.38-1.67) | <.0001 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.65 | 1.65 (1.42-1.92) | <.0001 |
| White | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Other | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.65 | 1.46 (1.11-1.92) | 0.007 |
| Education | ||||||
| <= high school | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.46 | 1.38 (1.20-1.58) | <.0001 |
| High school or GED | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.29 | 1.22 (1.11-1.34) | <.0001 |
| > = High school, but less than 4 years of college | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 1.25 (1.15-1.35) | <.0001 |
| 4 or more years of college | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Minutes or recreational physical activity per week | -0.001 | 0.000 | -0.001 | 0.000 | 0.999 (0.999-1.000) | <.0001 |
| Family history of diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| No | -0.68 | 0.03 | -0.75 | -0.61 | 0.51 (0.47-0.54) | <.0001 |
| Don’t know | -0.32 | 0.07 | -0.47 | -0.18 | 0.73 (0.63-0.84) | <.0001 |
| Hormone therapy use | ||||||
| Never | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Former | -0.002 | 0.04 | -0.08 | 0.08 | 0.998 (0.92-1.08) | 0.97 |
| Current | -0.17 | 0.05 | -0.26 | -0.09 | 0.84 (0.77-0.91) | 0.0001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoked | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | . |
| Past smoker | -0.01 | 0.04 | -0.08 | 0.06 | 0.99 (0.92-1.06) | 0.78 |
| Current smoker | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.32 | 1.21 (1.07-1.38) | 0.002 |
| BMI | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 1.07 (1.07-1.08) | <.0001 |
| Age | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.02 (1.01-1.02) | <.0001 |
| Baseline total energy intake | ||||||
| 4.87- 1100.54 | -0.04 | 0.05 | -0.13 | 0.06 | 0.96 (0.88-1.06) | 0.46 |
| 1100.55- 1437.42 | -0.04 | 0.05 | -0.13 | 0.05 | 0.96 (0.88-1.05) | 0.43 |
| 1437.44- 1828.01 | -0.06 | 0.04 | -0.15 | 0.03 | 0.94 (0.86-1.03) | 0.17 |
| 1828.02- 23020.93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | . |
| Participated in hormone therapy trial | 0.07 | |||||
| Yes | 0.09 | 0.05 | -0.01 | 0.20 | 1.09 (0.99-1.22) | |
| No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | . |
| Participated in dietary modification trial | 0.07 | |||||
| Yes | 0.10 | 0.05 | -0.01 | 0.20 | 1.11 (0.99-1.22) | |
| No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | . |
| Participated in calcium/ vitamin D supplementation | 0.44 | |||||
| Yes | -0.03 | 0.03 | -0.09 | 0.04 | 0.97 (0.91-1.04) | |
| No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | . |