Table 1.
Effects of Age, Sex, and Education on Cognitive Performance.
| Cognitive measure | Age | Sex | Some college | College degree |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LMI | −0.041 [−0.065, −0.017] | 1.18 [0.73, 1.62] | 0.90 [0.31, 1.48] | 2.21 [1.69, 2.74] |
| LMD | −0.050 [−0.75, −0.25] | 1.36 [0.89, 1.82] | 1.09 [0.49, 1.70] | 2.29 [1.74, 2.83] |
| PASI | −0.076 [−0.10, −0.052] | 1.55 [1.10, 2.00] | 0.44 [−0.15, 1.02] | 1.30 [0.78, 1.83] |
| PASD | −0.033 [−0.043, −0.023] | 0.60 [0.40, 0.79] | 0.062 [−0.19, 0.31] | 0.42 [0.20, 0.65] |
| VRI | −0.099 [−0.12, −0.077] | −0.052 [−0.46, 0.36] | 0.85 [0.31, 1.38] | 1.53 [1.05, 2.01] |
| VRD | −0.10 [−0.12, −0.072] | 0.04 [−0.40, 0.48] | 0.95 [0.38, 1.53] | 1.75 [1.23, 2.27] |
| TMT A | −0.0056 [−0.0071, −0.0041] | 0.038 [0.0098, 0.065] | 0.031 [−0.0048, 0.067] | 0.045 [0.013, 0.078] |
| TMT B | −0.022 [−0.026, −0.018] | 0.028 [−0.051, 0.11] | 0.084 [−0.019, 0.19] | 0.24 [0.15, 0.33] |
| HVOT | −0.12 [−0.14, −0.095] | 0.36 [−0.04, 0.76] | 0.19 [−0.33, 0.71] | 0.68 [0.21, 1.15] |
| Similarities | −0.068 [−0.091, −0.045] | 0.074 [−0.36, 0.50] | 1.37 [0.81, 1.92] | 2.86 [2.36, 3.37] |
| BNT | −0.050 [−0.066, −0.034] | −0.20 [−0.50, 0.10] | 0.96 [0.57, 1.34] | 1.73 [1.38, 2.09] |
| TMT (B-A) | −0.017 [−0.020, −0.013] | −0.0096 [–0.077, 0.058] | 0.053 [–0.035, 0.14] | 0.20 [0.12, 0.27] |
| Memory retention score | –0.0015 [–0.0029, –1.9e−4] | 0.015 [–0.010, 0.040] | 0.022 [–0.011, 0.054] | 0.023 [–0.0063, 0.054] |
| Composite subtest | –0.019 [–0.022, –0.016] | 0.13 [0.076, 0.19] | 0.17 [0.097, 0.25] | 0.38 [0.31, 0.45] |
| Composite domains | –0.026 [–0.030, –0.021] | 0.23 [0.15, 0.31] | 0.19 [0.083, 0.29] | 0.45 [0.36, 0.54] |
| Learning and retention composite | –0.019 [–0.23, –0.014] | 0.23 [0.15, 0.30] | 0.19 [0.088, 0.29] | 0.41 [0.32, 0.50] |
Note. Estimates for the effects of age, sex, and education were obtained using data from participants included in the training set (n = 1,252). Referent category for sex is male. Referent category for education was high school degree or less; LMI = Logical Memory, Immediate Recall; LMD = Logical Memory, Delayed Recall; PASI = Paired Associates, Immediate Recall; PASD = Paired Associates, Delayed Recall; VRI = Visual Reproductions, Immediate Recall; VRD = Visual Reproduction, Delayed Recall; TMT A (B) = Trail Making Test A (B); HVOT = Hooper Visual Organization Test; BNT = Boston Naming Test; TMT A, B, and TMT B-A are timed assessments; higher score indicates lower performance. Scores for TMT A, TMT B, and TMT B-A were multiplied by −1 so that higher scores reflected higher cognition. Bold p < .01, italics p < .05, but not p < .01.