Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics Participants at Baseline
| Variable | Mean (SD) or N (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 73.4 (6.12) |
| Sex (N,% female) | 377 (73.5) |
| Education (yrs) | 15.0 (3.53) |
| Mini-mental status exam (0–30) | 27.8 (2.30) |
| BMI (all) | 30.3 (6.34) |
| BMI male | 28.5 (5.23) |
| <20 | 3 (2.3%) |
| 20–<25 | 35 (31.5%) |
| 25–<30 | 42 (27.8%) |
| ≥30 | 53 (22.8%) |
| BMI female | 30.5 (6.61) |
| <20 | 6 (1.6%) |
| 20–<25 | 76 (20.2%) |
| 25–<30 | 115 (30.6%) |
| ≥30 | 179 (47.6%) |
| Global motor score | 1.00 (0.16) |
| Grip strength (kg) | 26.6 (9.52) |
| Pinch strength (kg) | 6.8 (2.41) |
| Finger taps for 10s | 55.2 (8.82) |
| Purdue pegboard (# pegs/30s) | 11.2 (2.22) |
| 8 foot walk speed (m/s) | 0.56 (1.06) |
| Steps for 8 foot walk | 6.5 (1.54) |
| Time to complete 360° turn (s) | 5.1 (2.13) |
| Steps for 360° turn | 8.2 (2.40) |
| Leg stand duration (s) | 6.6 (3.20) |
| Toe stand duration (s) | 8.5 (2.80) |
| Errors on tandem walk | 2.0 (2.98) |
| ADL Disability (≥1 ADL) | 19 (3.7%) |
| Vascular risk factors (0–3) | 1.5 (0.85) |
| Hypertension | 386 (75.2%) |
| Diabetes | 134 (26.1%) |
| Smoking (past or current) | 256 (49.9%) |
| Past | 224 (43.7) |
| Current | 32 (6.2%) |
| Vascular diseases (0–4) | 0.21 (0.48) |
| Stroke | 22 (4.3%) |
| Myocardial infarction | 35 (8.3%) |
| Congestive heart failure | 21 (4.1%) |
| Claudication | 28 (5.5%) |
| Physical activities (0–3) | 1.2 (0.95) |