Table 2.
Multivariate logistic regression results showing effects of state tobacco control policy variables on young adult smoking outcomes, NSDUH, 2002–2009
| Independent variable and effecta | Prior year initiationb | Current smokingc | Established smokingd |
|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of the state population covered by smoke-free air laws | .999 (.998, 1.000) [−.029] | .999 (.998, .999) [−.032] | .998 (.998, .999) [−.045] |
| Per capita cumulative funding for state tobacco control programs | .994 (.989, 1.000) [−.040] | .992 (.990, .994) [−.034] | .992 (.990, .995) [−.036] |
| State average retail price per pack of cigarettes | .961 (.911, 1.014) [−.150] | 1.008 (.990, 1.026) [.018] | 1.017 (.996, 1.037) [.040] |
| Gets a kick out of doing dangerous things | |||
| Seldom, sometimes, or always | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| Never | .614 (.540, .698) | .643 (.617, .670) | .650 (.622, .679) |
| Unknown | .533 (.185, 1.541) | .510 (.362, .718) | .519 (.353, .762) |
| Likes to test self by doing risky things | |||
| Seldom, sometimes, or always | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| Never | .805 (.711, .912) | .842 (.808, .877) | .857 (.820, .896) |
| Unknown | .485 (.055, 4.249) | .813 (.529, 1.252) | .853 (.540, 1.347) |
| Wears seatbelt riding in front passenger seat of car | |||
| Always | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| Never, seldom, or sometimes | 1.186 (1.074, 1.309) | 1.661 (1.612, 1.712) | 1.704 (1.651, 1.759) |
| Unknown | 1.191 (.120, 11.792) | .912 (.523, 1.589) | .678 (.391, 1.173) |
| Number of times attended religious services in the past year | |||
| 0 | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| 1–24 | 1.131 (1.023, 1.250) | .879 (.851, .908) | .817 (.791, .843) |
| 25+ | .687 (.605, .779) | .434 (.414, .454) | .372 (.354, .392) |
| Unknown | 1.186 (.678, 2.075) | .910 (.760, 1.090) | .870 (.718, 1.055) |
| Religious beliefs influence life decisions | |||
| Strongly agree/agree | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| Disagree/strongly disagree | 1.159 (1.050, 1.278) | 1.210 (1.171, 1.249) | 1.198 (1.159, 1.238) |
| Unknown | .987 (.598, 1.629) | 1.207 (1.026, 1.419) | 1.219 (1.021, 1.455) |
| Important for friends to share religious beliefs | |||
| Disagree/strongly disagree | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| Strongly agree/agree | .813 (.722, .915) | .723 (.696, .751) | .724 (.695, .755) |
| Unknown | .995 (.627, 1.579) | 1.079 (.912, 1.276) | 1.056 (.881, 1.265) |
| High school graduate | |||
| Yes | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| No | 1.114 (.931, 1.333) | 1.959 (1.869, 2.053) | 2.068 (1.968, 2.174) |
| Employment status | |||
| Full-time | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| Part-time | .919 (.827, 1.021) | .776 (.749, .803) | .0728 (.702, .756) |
| Unemployed | 1.051 (.897, 1.232) | 1.184 (1.124, 1.247) | 1.183 (1.121, 1.248) |
| Other | .749 (.659, .850) | .734 (.706, .764) | .728 (.698, .759) |
| Family income | |||
| <$20,000 | 1.259 (1.130, 1.402) | 1.054 (1.017, 1.092) | .971 (.935, 1.008) |
| $20,000–$49,999 | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 1.055 (.918, 1.211) | .899 (.861, .938) | .903 (.864, .944) |
| ≥$75,000 | .972 (.861, 1.097) | .891 (.856, .928) | .861 (.826, .899) |
| Health insurance | |||
| Medicaid/CHIP only | .923 (.790, 1.079) | 1.519 (1.446, 1.596) | 1.781 (1.688, 1.878) |
| Private only | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| No insurance | .981 (0868, 1.108) | 1.669 (1.611, 1.729) | 1.861 (1.795, 1.931) |
| Medicaid, private, and/or other | .976 (.830, 1.147) | 1.259 (1.190, 1.332) | 1.315 (1.238, 1.397) |
| Marital status | |||
| Never married | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) | 1.000 (1.000, 1.000) |
| Widowed, divorced, or separated | 1.022 (.584, 1.786) | 1.745 (1.591, 1.914) | 1.816 (1.655, 1.994) |
| Married | .668 (.529, .844) | .781 (.746, .817) | .862 (.823, .903) |
| Prevalence of smoking in 2002 among adults aged 25 or older | .446 (.148, 1.339) | 4.915 (3.271, 7.385) | 8.796 (5.762, 13.426) |
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) [Elasticity]. All models also include an intercept, linear time trend, and indicator variables for gender, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black or African-American, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic 2 or more races, and Hispanic), age (from 18 to 25), U.S.-born, others present during interview more than one third of the time, and county of residence (metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, rural).
NSDUH = National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
Respondents with unknown information for 1 or more covariates were excluded from the analysis. An unknown/missing data category was included for several variables to reduce the number of respondents excluded from the analysis.
Prior year initiation is defined as first trying cigarettes in the 12 months prior to the interview.
Current smoking is defined as having smoked 1 or more cigarettes in the past 30 days.
Established smoking is defined as having smoked 1 or more cigarettes in the past 30 days and smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime.