Table 1.

Examples of protein clusters subject to S-glutathionylation.

Protein “cluster”	Selected examples	Functional significance	References
Cytoskeletal	Actin; spectrin; vimentin	Alters actin cycling, cell motility, morphology	(Wang et al., 2001a; Rossi et al., 2006)
Glycolysis, energy metabolism	Aldolase; pyruvate kinase; GAPDH	Inhibits enzyme activities	(Fratelli et al., 2002)
Mitochondrial	ATP synthase; succinyl CoA transferase	Inhibits enzyme activity	(Garcia et al.)
Calcium homeostasis	SERCA; ryanodine receptor; some S100 family members	Impacts Ca++ uptake, transport, and release	(Adachi et al., 2004; Hidalgo et al., 2006)
Protein folding	PDI; 20S proteosome; HSP65/70	Influences processing of misfolded proteins	(Demasi et al., 2001; Townsend et al., 2009b)
Signaling	PTP1B; PTEN; PKC; creatine kinase; MEKK1; NfkB	A broad range of target proteins are in this category. The effects on phosphatases and kinases act as a second line of regulation.	(Findlay et al., 2004; Yu et al., 2005; Shelton et al., 2007)
Redox regulation	Thioredoxin; GSTP1-1; peroxiredoxins	Alters catalytic activity as well as binding affinity for partner proteins	(Haendeler, 2006; Noguera-Mazon et al., 2006)
ATP-sensitive K+ channels	Kir6.1/SUR2B	Regulates response to oxidative stress	(Yang et al., 2010)