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. 2015 Oct 12;8:166. doi: 10.1186/s13068-015-0351-7

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© Li et al. 2015

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Relationship of alcohol synthesis and NADH/NADPH regenerations. The de novo biosynthesis of NADH/NADPH starts at l-tryptophan and then NADH/NADPH goes to butanol pathway via NADPH/NADH circle while NAD⁺/NADP⁺ are generated; beside complement of NADH/NADPH from de novo synthesis, NAD⁺/NADP⁺ in active cells goes back to NADPH/NADH to regenerate its reducing form. nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN); nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH); alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase (AAD); butanol dehydrogenase I (BDHA); butanol dehydrogenase II (BDHB)