Table 3.

TOBIT Analyses by racial and ethnic groups

Independent variables	White births			African American births			Hispanic births
	b	z	p	b	z	p	b	z	p
Birth characteristics
Mother’s age	−0.739	−1.486		2.597	2.435	0.008	−2.023	−3.217	0.001
Gestation period	−0.646	−2.537	0.005	−3.750	−11.838	<0.001	−1.486	−8.668	<0.001
Caesarian births	0.223	1.437		0.938	4.504	<0.001	0.142	1.489
Sociodemographic measures
Population density	−0.009	−1.320		−0.100	−9.536	<0.001	−0.002	−0.871
Poverty rate	0.757	3.601	<0.001	0.011	0.040		−0.154	−1.621
Median household income	0.087	0.645		0.627	2.567	0.005	0.085	0.859
High school graduates	−0.024	−0.199		0.653	3.120	0.001	0.043	0.765
Alcohol and drug problems
Drug dependence/abuse	−0.414	−1.330		0.181	0.768		−0.057	−0.121
Alcohol dependence/abuse	1.596	1.572		9.397	9.309	<0.001	1.579	1.275
Social disorganization
Households moved past 5 years	−0.131	−1.245		−0.595	−1.638		−0.208	−2.542	0.005
Vacant housing	−0.131	−0.930		1.698	4.627	<0.001	0.583	4.775	<0.001
Foreign born	−0.015	−0.193		−0.616	−5.131	<0.001	0.092	1.564
Economic disparity and segregation
Index of concentrated extremes	−0.105	−0.872		−1.095	−7.983	<0.001	−0.080	−1.153
Segregated neighborhoods	−7.182	−0.415		−98.411	−8.969	<0.001	5.630	0.732
Retail stores in neighborhood
Total retail stores	1.640	2.229	0.013	6.432	2.535	0.005	0.856	1.588
Total alcohol outlets	−6.004	−2.394	0.008	−9.209	−1.298		−0.069	−0.036
Proportion on-premise outlets	4.195	1.129		−19.808	−1.640		−5.806	−1.379
Proportion bars/taverns	3.217	1.136		−2.311	−1.305		0.449	0.356
Standard deviation of errors	25.408			113.284			18.852
Heteroskedasticity	−0.002	−20.045	<0.001	−0.010	−32.115	<0.001	−0.001	−22.823	<0.001
Likelihood ratio χ2 (df = 18)	369.160		<0.001	552.482		<0.001	127.792		<0.001
Maddala’s pseudo R2	0.368			0.497			0.147