Table 1. Clinical characteristics of study population.
| Control group (n = 68) | Type 1 diabetes (n = 68) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 35.4 (10.2) | 35.3 (10.1) | 0.945 |
| Sex (male) (n, %) | 34 (50) | 34 (50) | 1.000 |
| Current smokers (n, %) | 16 (23.5) | 24 (35.3) | 0.252 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 1.43 (0.00–5.36) | 1.43 (0.00–5.71) | 0.886 |
| Physical activity (METS-min/week) | 1386.0 (784.5–2079.0) | 1416.0 (713.3–2367.0) | 0.791 |
| Family history of CHD (n, %) | 6 (8.8) | 3 (4.4) | 0.493 |
| Family history of T2DM (n, %) | 12 (17.6) | 16 (23.5) | 0.396 |
| Family history of T1DM (n, %) | 1 (1.5) | 5 (7.4) | 0.208 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 3 (4.4) | 17 (25.0) | 0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia (n, %) | 34 (50) | 32 (47.1) | 0.732 |
| Diabetes | |||
| Diabetes duration (years) | - | 13.0 (7.3–19.0) | - |
| Microvascular complications (n, %) | - | 16 (23.5) | - |
| Retinopathy (n, %) | - | 10 (14.7) | - |
| None (n, %) | - | 58 (85.3) | - |
| Non-proliferative (n, %) | - | 6 (8.8) | - |
| Proliferative (n, %) | - | 4 (5.9) | - |
| Nephropathy (n, %) | - | 9 (13.2) | - |
| Peripheral polyneuropathy (n, %) | - | 0 (0) | - |
| Body composition | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 (3.1) | 25.7 (3.6) | 0.003 |
| Waist (cm) | 83.7 (11.3) | 85.3 (12.0) | 0.429 |
| WHR | 0.85 (0.1) | 0.86 (0.1) | 0.465 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.6 (10.4) | 125.0 (12.1) | 0.025 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.8 (8.4) | 72.9 (8.3) | 0.154 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 87.4 (8.6) | 90.3 (8.7) | 0.059 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Serum creatinine (μmoll/L) | 75.2 (13.0) | 76.9 (14.0) | 0.450 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 102.4 (13.3) | 100.7 (14.2) | 0.467 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.67 (0.53) | 9.15 (3.66) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 (5.2–5.5) | 7.5 (6.8–8.7) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 34 (33–37) | 58 (51–72) | <0.001 |
| Urinary ACR (mg/mmol) | 0.39 (0.28–0.57) | 0.36 (0.24–0.69) | 0.716 |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.16 (1.33) | 4.80 (0.87) | 0.070 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.80 (0.62–1.17) | 0.78 (0.61–0.97) | 0.422 |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.50 (1.19–1.87) | 1.70 (1.21–1.90) | 0.369 |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.81 (2.25–3.58) | 2.52 (2.14-.11) | 0.028 |
| Mineral Metabolism | |||
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.4 (2.3–2.4) | 2.3 (2.3–2.4) | <0.001 |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) | 3.5 (0.1) | 3.4 (0.1) | 0.231 |
| PTH (pmol/L) | 3.2 (2.5–4.6) | 3.3 (2.4–4.5) | 0.626 |
| 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 70.7 (59.7–83.0) | 70.3 (50.4–86.2) | 0.462 |
| FGF-23 (RU/mL) | 77.6 (51.8–113.9) | 70.1 (38.4–151.9) | 0.329 |
| Low grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction markers | |||
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 1.3 (0.5–2.8) | 0.038 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | <0.001 |
| sTNFαR1 (pg/mL) | 1535.1(1190.0–2845.6) | 2592.3(1560.8–3021.3) | 0.014 |
| sTNFαR2 (pg/mL) | 2201.8(1880.2–2561.5) | 2568.9(2153.9–3024.0) | 0.001 |
| Low-grade Inflammation score | -0.35 (-0.63–0.16) | 0.12 (-0.20–0.55) | <0.001 |
| ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 55.1 (48.3–62.7) | 58.1 (51.8–69.0) | 0.063 |
| VCAM-1 (ng/mL) | 715.8 (541.2–954.7) | 782.6 (628.6–1090.2) | 0.128 |
| E-Selectin (ng/mL) | 73.6 (50.9–99.1) | 104.6 (68.5–184.9) | <0.001 |
| Endothelial dysfunction score | -0.28 (-0.58–0.02) | 0.14 (-0.27–0.58) | <0.001 |
| Arterial stiffness | |||
| aPWV (m/s) | 6.1 (5.5–6.7) | 6.8 (6.0–7.9) | <0.001 |
Data are given as percentages, mean (SD) or median (interquartile range). CHD: Coronary heart disease. T2DM: type 2 diabetes. T1DM: type 1 diabetes. BMI: body mass index. WHR: waist-to-hip ratio. eGFR: estimation of glomerular filtration rate. ACR: Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. PTH: parathyroid hormone. 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. FGF-23: Fibroblast growth factor 23. hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. IL-6: interleukin 6. sTNFαR1: soluble fraction of tumor necrosis factor α receptor 1. sTNFαR2: soluble fraction of tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2. ICAM-1: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. VCAM-1: soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. aPWV: aortic pulse wave velocity.