Table 1. Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics of patients aged ≥15 years with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in South Africa from GERMS-SA enhanced and non-enhanced sites, 2003–2008.
| Variable | Enhanced sites | Non-enhanced sites | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
| Province* | Low poverty | 5377/7329 (73) | 4601/7776 (59) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Intermediate poverty | 1431/7329 (20) | 1539/7776 (20) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | <0.001 | |
| High poverty | 521/7329 (7) | 1636/7776 (21) | 0.27 (0.3–0.3) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | <0.001 | |
| Race | Non-black | 539/6779 (8) | 93/4242 (2) | 3.9 (3.1–4.8) | <0.001 | 3.3 (2.5–4.2) | <0.001 |
| Specimen | CSF | 1727/7329 (24) | 3398/7776 (44) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Blood | 4955/7329 (67) | 3161/7776 (41) | 3.1 (2.9–3.3) | <0.001 | 2.4 (2.1–2.7) | <0.001 | |
| Other | 647/7329 (9) | 1217/7776 (16) | 1.1(0.9–1.2) | 0.021 | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 0.007 | |
| Serotype | 1 | 463/4528 (17) | 920/4434 (21) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.532 | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | 0.541 |
| 19A | 486/4528 (11) | 401/4434 (9) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.002 | 1.06 (0.8–1.3) | 0.332 | |
| 4 | 323/4528 (7) | 368/4434 (8) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| 3 | 323/4528 (7) | 251/4434 (6) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.001 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.559 | |
| 6A | 300/4528 (7) | 321/4434 (7) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.751 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.515 | |
| 14 | 284/4528 (6) | 282/4434 (6) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.374 | 1.05 (0.7–1.2) | 0.516 | |
| 23F | 301/4528 (6) | 285/4434 (7) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 0.761 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 0.031 | |
| 8 | 230/4528 (5) | 243/4434 (5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.968 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.933 | |
| 19F | 240/4528 (5) | 200/4434 (5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.011 | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 0.079 | |
| 6B | 230/4528 (5) | 234/4434 (6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.571 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.702 | |
| 12F | 215/4528 (5) | 257/4434 (6) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.203 | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.858 | |
| 9V | 163/4528 (4) | 157/4434 (4) | 1.18 (0.9–1.5) | 0.708 | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 0.431 | |
| 16 | 116/4528 (3) | 108/4434 (2) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.588 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 0.583 | |
| 9N | 101/4528 (2) | 68/4434 (2) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 0.003 | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 0.029 | |
| 7F | 80/4528 (2) | 67/4434 (2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 0.067 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 0.462 | |
| 18C | 81/4528 (2) | 89/4434 (2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.583 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 0.820 | |
| 25 | 74/4528 (2) | 52/4434 (1) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 0.014 | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.401 | |
| 22F | 74/4528 (2) | 2/4434 (0.1) | 42.2 (10.3–173.1) | <0.001 | 22.1 (5.3–91.6) | <0.001 | |
| 13 | 78/4528 (2) | 65/4434 (1) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 0.173 | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 0.151 | |
| 5 | 64/4528 (1) | 64/4434 (1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.944 | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.656 | |
N-number, OR—Odds ratio, CI—confidence interval, CSF- cerebrospinal fluid. Only factors statistically significant on univariate analysis are included in the table. Additional variables evaluated were age group and gender.
*The low poverty rate group consisted of Gauteng and Western Cape. The intermediate poverty rate group consisted of KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Northern Cape and North West. The high poverty rate group consisted of Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga and Limpopo.