Table 2.
Human psychological studies
| Study | Subjects, design |
CBD route, dose |
Measure | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karniol et al. [99] | HV, DBP |
Oral, 15, 30, 60 mg, alone or with THC, acute, at 55, 95, 155, and 185 min |
Anxiety and pulse rate after THC and at baseline | ↓ THC-induced increases in subjective anxiety and pulse rate No effect at baseline |
| Zuardi et al., [100] | HV, DBP |
Oral 1 mg/kg alone or with THC, acute, 80 min | STAI score after THC | ↓ THC-induced increases in STAI scores |
| Zuardi et al. [98] | HV, DBP |
Oral 300 mg, acute, 80 min |
VAMS, STAI and BP following SPST | ↓ STAI scores ↓ VAMS scores ↓ BP |
| Martin-Santos et al. [101] | HV, DBP |
Oral 600 mg, acute, 1, 2, 3 h |
Baseline anxiety and pulse rate | No effect |
| Crippa et al. [102] | 10 HV, DBP |
Oral 400 mg, acute, 60 and 75 min |
VAMS before SPECT SPECT |
↓ VAMS scores |
| Bhattacharyya et al. [103] | 15 HV DBP |
Oral 600 mg, acute, 1, 2, 3 h |
STAI scores VAMS scores |
↓ STAI scores ↓ VAMS scores |
| Crippa et al. [104] | SAD and HC DBP |
Oral 400 mg, acute, 75 and 140 min |
VAMS before SPECT SPECT |
↓ VAMS scores |
| Bergamaschi et al. [105] | SAD and HC DBP | Oral 600 mg, acute, 1, 2, 3 h | VAMS, SSPS-N, cognitive impairment, SCR, HR after SPST | ↓ VAMS, SSPS-N and cognitive impairment, no effect on SCR or HR |
| Das et al. [106] | HV DBP |
Inhaled, 32 mg, acute, immediately following, before, after extinction | SCR and shock expectancy following extinction | CBD after extinction training produced trend level reduction in SCR and decreased shock expectancy |
| Hindocha et al. [107] | Varying in schizotypy and cannabis use, DBP | Inhaled, 16 mg, acute | Baseline VAS anxiety | No significant effect of CBD |
HV = healthy volunteers; DBP = double-blind placebo; SAD = social anxiety disorder; HC = healthy controls; THC = Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol; STAI = Spielberger’s state trait anxiety inventory; VAMS = visual analog mood scale; BP = blood pressure; SPST = simulated public speaking test; SCR = skin conductance response; SPECT = single-photon emission computed tomography; SSPS-N = negative self-evaluation subscale; HR = heart rate; VAS = visual analog scale, CBD = cannabidiol