Fig. 5.

Mean (SD) activation level of the hand muscles across the three tasks: extensor digitorum communis (EDC; A), flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS; B), first dorsal interosseous (FDI; C), and flexor pollicis brevis (FPB; D). Movement phase was found to have a significant impact on all hand muscles (P < 0.001), but the between-task difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.070). Post hoc univariate ANOVA showed that only FDI muscle activation was found to be significantly affected by the proximal kinematics (task; P = 0.048). Significant differences: ^o|P < 0.1, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.