Table 1.
Functional characterization of genes encoding different calmodulin (CaM)-binding proteins by transgenic analysis.
| S. No. | CaM-binding protein | Source of gene | Transgenic host | Approach | Effect on stress tolerance | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CaM-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS | ||||||
| 1 | CaM-binding transcription activator (CAMTA3)/A. thaliana signal responsive 1 (AtSR1) | Arabidopsis thaliana | A. thaliana | T-DNA insertion mutants | Increase in tolerance to CS | Doherty et al., 2009; Du et al., 2009 |
| 2 | 60 kDa CaM-binding protein (CBP60g) | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Constitutive overexpression | Enhancement in DS tolerance | Wan et al., 2012 |
| 3 | CaM-binding trihelix transcription factor (AtGTL1) | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Loss-of-function mutation | Improved DS tolerance | Yoo et al., 2010 |
| 4 | CaM-binding-GTL1 (PtaGTL1) | Populus tremula x Populus alba | A. thaliana | Constitutive overexpression | Decline in DS tolerance | Weng et al., 2012 |
| 5 | 25 kDa CaM-binding protein (AtCAMBP25) | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Constitutive expression | Decrease in OS tolerance | Perruc et al., 2004 |
| 6 | CaM-binding WRKY39 (AtWRKY39) | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | wrky39 mutant | Impaired HS tolerance | Li et al., 2010 |
| Constitutive overexpression | Increase in HS tolerance | Li et al., 2010 | ||||
| CaM-BINDING KINASES, PHOSPHATASES AND OTHER ENZYMES | ||||||
| 7 | Ca2+-dependent CaM receptor-like kinase (GsCBRLK) | Glycine soja | A. thaliana | Constitutive overexpression | Enhanced tolerance to CS, SS and OS | Yang et al., 2010a |
| 8 | Ca2+/CaM-regulated receptor-like kinase (AtCRLK1) | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | T-DNA knock-out mutation | Increase in CS tolerance | Yang et al., 2010b |
| 9 | CaM-binding protein kinase 3 (AtCBK3) | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Constitutive overexpression | Enhanced tolerance to HS | Liu et al., 2008 |
| 10 | CaM-binding Ser/Thr phosphatase (AtPP7) | A. thaliana | A. thaliana | Constitutive overexpression | Increase in HS tolerance | Liu et al., 2007 |
| 11 | CaM-binding mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (NtMKP1) | N. tabacum | N. tabacum | Constitutive overexpression | Reduction in wound-induced activation of genes | Yamakawa et al., 2004 |
| 12 | CaM-binding MKP1 (OsMKP1) | Oryza sativa | O. sativa | Retrotransposon Tos17-mediated loss-of-function mutation | Constitutive activation of wound response | Katou et al., 2007 |
| 13 | Full length CaM-binding protein/cyclic nucleotide gated channel (NtCBP4) | Nicotiana tabacum | N. tabacum | Constitutive overexpression | Enhanced tolerance to Ni2+ but hypersensitivity to Pb2+ | Arazi et al., 1999 |
| Truncated NtCBP4 lacking CaMBD | N. tabacum | N. tabacum | Constitutive overexpression | Abrogation of Pb2+-hypersensitivity | Arazi et al., 1999 | |
| 14 | Apyrase (PsNTP9) | Pisum sativam | A. thaliana | Constitutive overexpression | Increased tolerance to cyclohexane and N6-[2-isopentyl]adenine (2iP) | Windsor et al., 2003 |
CaMBD, CaM-binding domain; CS, cold stress; DS, drought stress; HS, heat stress; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; OS, osmotic stress.