Table 1.
Markers of intestinal permeability.
| Permeability test | Sample | Measures | Clinical/Preclinical | Representative citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHALLENGE TESTS | ||||
| Lactulose/Mannitol | Urine | Small intestine permeability | Clinical and preclinical | Vanuytsel et al., 2014 |
| Lactulose/L-rhamnose | Urine | Small intestine permeability | Clinical and preclinical | Keszthelyi et al., 2014 |
| Sucrose | Urine | Gastric permeability | Clinical and preclinical | Mujagic et al., 2014 |
| Sucralose | Urine | Colonic permeability | Clinical and preclinical | Anderson et al., 2004 |
| Polyethylene glycols | Urine | Entire intestine permeability | Clinical and preclinical | Rao et al., 2011 |
| 51Cr-EDTA | Urine | Entire intestine permeability | Clinical and preclinical | Grootjans et al., 2010 |
| CIRCULATING MARKERS | ||||
| Zonulin | Plasma | Small intestine epithelial cell damage | Clinical and preclinical | Fasano, 2011 |
| Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) | Plasma | Small intestine permeability | Clinical and preclinical | Derikx et al., 2009 |
| Citrulline | Plasma | Small intestine epithelial cell damage | Clinical and preclinical | Crenn et al., 2000 |
| αGlutathione S-transferase (αGST) | Plasma | Epithelial cell damage | Clinical and preclinical | McMonagle et al., 2006 |
| Claudin-3 | Urine | Epithelial cell damage | Clinical and preclinical | Patel et al., 2012 |
| Lipopolysacharide Binding protein (LBP) | Plasma | Indirect evidence of permeability deficit | Clinical and preclinical | Pasternak et al., 2010 |
| Endotoxin core antibodies (EndoCAb) | Plasma | Entire intestine permeability | Clinical and preclinical | Ammori et al., 2003 |
| D-Lactate | Plasma | Entire intestine permeability | Clinical and preclinical | Poeze et al., 1998 |
| Fluorescein isothiocyanate—dextran (FITC-Dextran 4) | Plasma | Entire intestine permeability | Preclinical | Moussaoui et al., 2014 |
| FECAL MARKERS | ||||
| Calprotectin | Feces | Nonspecific marker of gut inflammation | Clinical and preclinical | de Magistris et al., 2010 |
| Zonulin | Feces | Marker of intestinal permeability | Clinical | Lamprecht et al., 2012 |
| EX VIVO | ||||
| Ussing chamber | Ex vivo biopsies | Tranepithelial electrical resistance and macromolecule flux | Clinical and preclinical | Piche et al., 2009 |