Table 2.
Preclinical studies of probiotics and intestinal barrier.
| Probiotic | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|
| VSL#3 | Normalization of colonic physiologic function and barrier integrity; reduction in mucosal secretion of TNFα and IFNγ and an improvement in histologic disease | Corridoni et al., 2012 |
| Decreased ileal paracellular permeability, decrease claudin-2 and increase occludin in a mouse model of ileitis | ||
| VSL#3 (protein soluble factor) | Enhanced barrier function and resistance to Salmonella invasion | Madsen et al., 2001 |
| VSL#3 | Prevented the increase in epithelial permeability in DSS-induced acute colitis and prevented the decrease in expression and redistribution of occludin, zonula occludens-1, and claudin-1, -3, -4, and -5 | Mennigen et al., 2009 |
| VSL#3 | VSL#3 attenuated intestinal barrier damage and reduced bacterial translocation in an LPS induced mouse model of sepsis | Ewaschuk et al., 2007 |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. acidophilus | Attenuated the damage caused by Shigella dysenteriae | Moorthy et al., 2009 |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | Prevented the rearrangement of claudin-1, occludin, JAM-1 and ZO-1 proteins induced by Escherichia coli | Qin et al., 2009 |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Reduced levels of colonic mucosal adherent and translocated bacteria and attenuated the development of the colitis in interleukin IL-10 gene deficient mice | Madsen et al., 1999 |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG culture supernatant (LGG-s) | Pretreatment significantly inhibited alcohol-induced intestinal permeability defects, endotoxemia and subsequent liver injury | Wang et al., 2012b |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus OLL2838 (live and heat-killed) | Protected against the increase in mucosal permeability associated with DSS-induced colitis | Miyauchi et al., 2009 |
| Increased expression of ZO-1 and myosin light-chain kinase in intestinal epithelial cells isolated from mice of the heat-killed OLL2838 group | ||
| Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 (lysate—Lc) | Increased the numbers of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs in mesenteric lymph nodes, decreased the production of TNFα and IFNγ, and anti-inflammatory IL-10 in Peyer's patches and the large intestine; changed the gut microbiota composition in DSS colitis | Zakostelska et al., 2011 |
| Lc also resulted in a significant protection against increased intestinal permeability and barrier dysfunction | ||
| Lc treatment prevented LPS-induced TNFα expression in RAW 264.7 cell line by down-regulating the NF-kB signaling pathway | ||
| Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 polyphosphate (poly P) | Suppressed the oxidant-induced increase in intestinal permeability in the mouse small intestine | Segawa et al., 2011 |
| Daily intrarectal administration of poly P improved the inflammatory profile and survival rate when administered to DSS mice | ||
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, soluble secretory proteins p40 and p75 | Prevented hydrogen peroxide induced redistribution of occludin, ZO-1, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin from the intercellular junctions | Seth et al., 2008 |
| Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 2648 | Attenuated the negative effect of enteropathic Escherichia coli (EPEC) O127:H6 (E2348/69) on transepithelial electrical resistance and adherence to intestinal cells | Anderson et al., 2010a |
| Lactobacillus plantarum MB452 | 19 TJ related genes had altered expression levels including those encoding occludin and its associated plaque proteins that anchor it to the cytoskeleton | Anderson et al., 2010b |
| L. plantarum MB452 altered tubulin and proteasome gene expression levels | ||
| Lactobacillus acidophilus protects TJ from aspirin-induced damage in HT-29 cells | Protects TJ from aspirin-induced damage in HT-29 cells | Montalto et al., 2004 |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) - modified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) | Correlated with a significant down-regulation of TRL2 expression and downstream proinflammatory cytokine expression in DSS mouse model | Claes et al., 2010 |
| Lactobacillus plantarum 299v | Administration for one week abolished E. coli-induced increase in permeability | Mangell et al., 2002 |
| Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Administration one week prior to, and concurrently with, Citrobacter rodentium attenuated C. rodentium-induced barrier dysfunction, epithelial hyperplasia, and binding of the pathogen to host colonocytes | Rodrigues et al., 2012 |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus LOCK0900, L. rhamnosus LOCK0908 and L. casei LOCK0919 | Colonization of GF mice enhanced the integrity of gut mucosa and ameliorated allergic sensitization | Kozakova et al., 2015 |
| Lactobacillus fermentum AGR1487 - cell surface structures and supernatant | Live and dead AGR1487 decreased TEER across Caco-2 cells Only live AGR1487 increased the rate of passage of mannitol | Sengupta et al., 2015 |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (live or heat-killed) | Enteral administration accelerated intestinal barrier maturation and induced claudin 3 | Patel et al., 2012 |
| Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 | Reversed the deficits in intestinal permeability and depressive like behaviors post MI | Arseneault-Breard et al., 2012 |
| Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-2494 | Prevented the increase in intestinal permeability induced by PRS and restored occludin and JAM-A expressions to control levels | Agostini et al., 2012 |
| Bifidobacteria infantis | In T84 cells increased TEER, decreased claudin-2, and increased ZO-1 and occludin expression, associated with enhanced levels of phospho-ERK and decreased levels of phospho-p38 | Ewaschuk et al., 2008 |
| Prevented TNFα and IFNγ induced decrease in TEER and rearrangement of TJ proteins | ||
| Oral administration acutely reduced colonic permeability in mice whereas long-term BiCM treatment in IL-10-deficient mice attenuated inflammation, normalized colonic permeability and decreased colonic and splenic IFN-gamma secretion | ||
| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | Modulated the expression of genes involved in several important intestinal functions, including nutrient absorption, mucosal barrier fortification, xenobiotic metabolism, angiogenesis, and postnatal intestinal maturation | Hooper et al., 2001 |
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | Altered the expression and distribution of ZO-2 protein | Zyrek et al., 2007 |
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | Colonization of GF mice resulted in an up-regulation of ZO-1 in intestinal epithelial cells at both mRNA and protein levels | Ukena et al., 2007 |
TJ, tight junction; TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; PRS, partial restraint stress.