Stationary-phase Δhpf mutant cultures are specifically susceptible to prolonged aminoglycoside exposure. (A) Stationary-phase Δhpf mutant cultures are insensitive to prolonged beta-lactam or quinolone exposure. UN, untreated culture; CRB, carbenicillin (200 μg/ml); NOR, norfloxacin (150 μg/ml); CIP, ciprofloxacin (30 μg/ml). Data are from 72 h. (B) Stationary-phase Δhpf mutant cultures are susceptible to prolonged aminoglycoside exposure. AMI, amikacin (160 μg/ml); TOB, tobramycin (10 μg/ml); KAN, kanamycin (150 μg/ml); GEN, gentamicin (10 μg/ml). Data are from 72 h. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. (C) Sensitivity to gentamicin is dose dependent. The gentamicin concentrations in the key are reported in micrograms per milliliter. (D) Sensitivity to gentamicin is fully complemented by the addition of pPL2-HPF. Means and SDs (n ≥ 3) are presented.