Table 6.
Assessment of Functioning
| N | ADHD Diagnosis Established by the DIVA | N | ADHD Diagnosis Not Established | Odds Ratio or LS Mean Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 349) | (N = 1660) | (95 % CI) | |||
| Master’s/Bachelor’s degrees, n (%) | 68 (19.4) | 399 (24.0) | |||
| ADHD, versus non-ADHD, OR (95 % CI) | 0.60 (0.44-0.82) | ||||
| Vocational training, n (%) | 88 (25.2) | 293 (17.7) | N/A | ||
| Total amount of formal instruction, years (SD) | 346 | 12.58 (5.049) | 1659 | 12.60 (4.586) | N/A |
| Student, n (%) | 52 (14.9) | 90 (5.4) | N/A | ||
| Employed full time, n (%) | 106 (30.4) | 580 (34.9) | |||
| ADHD, versus non-ADHD (female), OR (95 % CI) | 0.54 (0.36-0.81) | ||||
| ADHD, versus non-ADHD (male), OR (95 % CI) | 0.89 (0.62-1.26) | ||||
| Number of different employers in last 3 years, mean (SD) | 347 | 1.20 (1.598) | 1659 | 0.90 (0.936) | N/A |
| Working at level of qualification, n (%) | 159 (45.6) | 840 (50.6) | N/A | ||
| Number of biological children, mean (SD) | 348 | 0.93 (1.230) | 1655 | 1.13 (1.135) | |
| ADHD versus non-ADHD (at age 31), LS Mean difference | 0.10 (−0.03-0.23) | ||||
| ADHD, yes versus non-ADHD (at age 42), LS Mean difference | 0.20 (0.07-0.33) | ||||
| ADHD, yes versus non-ADHD (at age 51), LS Mean difference | 0.28 (0.10-0.47) | ||||
| Age when first biological child was born (years), mean (SD) | 159 | 25.50 (5.685) | 998 | 26.70 (5.574) | N/A |
| Age when first biological child was born (<18 years), n (%) | 7 (2.0) | 23 (1.4) | N/A | ||
| Living with parents, n (%) | 78 (22.3) | 215 (13.0) | |||
| ADHD versus non-ADHD, OR (95 % CI) | 1.09 (0.76-1.57) | ||||
| Driving license held, n (%) | 239 (68.5) | 1303 (78.5) | N/A | ||
| Number of times license revoked in last 3 years, mean (SD) | 239 | 0.07 (0.303) | 1300 | 0.04 (0.222) | N/A |
| Number of speeding tickets in last 3 years, mean (SD) | 239 | 1.05 (2.072) | 1299 | 0.55 (1.664) | N/A |
| Number of parking tickets in last 3 years, mean (SD) | 239 | 1.12 (3.299) | 1296 | 0.60 (1.818) | N/A |
| Number of car accidents in last 3 years, mean (SD) | 239 | 0.31 (0.808) | 1301 | 0.16 (0.555) | N/A |
| Frequency of debt, n (%) | 124 (35.5) | 404 (24.3) | N/A | ||
| Prosecuted since adulthood, n (%) | 48 (13.8) | 102 (6.1) | N/A | ||
| Current tobacco use, n (%) | 165 (47.3) | 612 (36.9) | N/A |
Abbreviations: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DIVA = Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults; N = number of patients; n = number of affected patients; SD = standard deviation
Note: Logistic regression was used for all binary outcomes; number of biological children was analyzed using analysis of covariance